Abstract
Recent archaeological research has fundamentally altered our understanding of the scope of past human impacts on nondomesticated animal populations. Predictions derived from foraging theory concerning the abundance histories of high-return human prey and diet breadth have been met in many parts of the world. People are known to have introduced a broad variety of nondomesticated animals, from sponges to agoutis and rats, to a remarkably broad set of contexts, in turn causing a wide variety of secondary impacts. By increasing the incidence of fire, human colonists have in some cases transformed the nature of the vegetation on the colonized landscape, in turn dramatically affecting animal populations on those landscapes. In island settings, these triple threats--predation, biotic introductions, and vegetation alteration--routinely led to extinctions but there is no archaeological evidence that small-scale societies caused extinction by predation alone on islands or continents. Indeed, the recent history of this famous argument suggests that it is better seen as a statement of faith about the past rather than as an appeal to reason. Perhaps most importantly, our burgeoning knowledge of past human impacts on animals has important implications for the conservation biology of the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adkisson, C. S. (1988). Cavity-nesting birds of North America: Past history, present status, and future prospects. Bird Conservation 3: 85–100.
Akins, N. J. (1985). Prehistoric faunal utilization in Chaco Canyon: Basketmaker III through Pueblo III. In Mathien, F. J (ed.), Environment and Subsistence of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, National Park Service, Albuquerque, pp. 305–445. Publications in Archaeology 18E.
Alcorn, J. B. (1993). Indigenous peoples and conservation. Conservation Biology 7: 424–426.
Alcorn, J. B. (1996). Is biodiversity conserved by indigenous peoples? In Jain, S. K. (ed.), Ethnobiology in Human Welfare, Deep Publications, New Delhi, pp. 233–238.
Alcover, J. A., Seguí, B., and Bover, P. (1999). Extinctions and local disappearances of vertebrates in the western Mediterranean islands. In MacPhee, R. D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 165–188.
Allen, J. (1997). The impact of Pleistocene hunters and gatherers on the ecosystems ofAustralia and Melanesia: In tune with nature? In Kirch, P.V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 22–38.
Allen, J., Gosden, C., and White, J. P. (1989). Human Pleistocene adaptations in the tropical island Pacific: Recent evidence from New Ireland, a greater Australian outlier. Antiquity 63: 548–561.
Alvard, M. S. (1994). Conservation by native peoples: Prey choice in a depleted habitat. Human Nature 5: 127–154.
Alvard, M. S. (1995). Intraspecific prey choice by Amazonian hunters. Current Anthropology 36: 789–818.
Alvard, M. S. (1998a). Evolutionary ecology and resource conservation. Evolutionary Anthropology 7: 62–74.
Alvard, M. S. (1998b). Indigenous hunting in the Neotropics: Conservation or optimal foraging. In Caro, T. (ed.), Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 474–500.
Amorosi, T., Buckland, P., Dugmore, A., Ingimundarson, J. H., and McGovern, T. H. (1997). Raiding the landscape: Human impact on the Scandinavian North Atlantic. Human Ecology 25: 491–518.
Anderson, A. (1983). Faunal depletion and subsistence change in the early prehistory of southern New Zealand. Archaeology in Oceania 18: 1–10.
Anderson, A. (1989). Prodigious Birds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Anderson, A. (1996). Was Rattus exulans in New Zealand 2000 years ago? AMS radiocarbon ages from Shag River Mouth. Archaeology in Oceania 31: 178–184.
Anderson, A. (2000). Differential reliability of 14C AMS ages of Rattus exulans bone gelatin in south Pacific prehistory. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30: 243–261.
Anderson, A., Allingham, B., and Smith, I. (1996). Shag River Mouth: The Archaeology of an Early Southern Maori Village, RSPAS, The Australian National University, Canberra. Research Papers in Archaeology and Natural History 27, ANH Publications.
Anderson, A., and McGlone, M. S. (1992). Living on the edge--prehistoric land and people in New Zealand. In Dodson, J. (ed), The Naive Lands, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, pp. 199–241.
Armitage, P. L. (1994). Unwelcome companions: Ancient rats reviewed. Antiquity 68: 231–240.
Athens, J. S. (1997). Hawaiian lowland vegetation in prehistory. In Kirch, P. V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 248–270.
Atkinson, I. A. E. (1996). Introductions of wildlife as a cause of species extinctions. Wildlife Biology 2: 133–141.
Atkinson, I. A. E., and Moller, H. (1990). Kiore. In King, C. M. (ed.), The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, Oxford University Press, Auckland, pp. 175–192.
Audoin-Rouzeau, F., and Vigne, J.-D. (1994). La colonization de l'Europe par le rat noir (Rattus rattus). Revue de Pal´eobiologie 13: 125–145.
Audouze, F., and Enloe, J. G. (1997). High resolution archaeology at Verberie: Limits and interpretation. World Archaeology 29: 195–207.
Austin, C. C. (1999). Lizards took express train to Polynesia. Nature 397: 113–114.
Austin, C.C., and Zug, G.R. (1999). Molecular and morphological evolution in the south-central Pacific skink Emoia tongana (Reptilia:Squamata): Uniformity and human-mediated dispersal. Australian Journal of Zoology 47: 425–437.
Baden, J., (ed.). (1980). Earth Day Reconsidered, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC.
Bahn, P., and Flenley, J. R. (1992). Easter Island, Earth Island, Thames and Hudson, London.
Balée, W. (1993). Indigenous transformation of Amazonian forests: An example from Maranhão, Brazil. L'Homme 33: 231–254.
Balouet, J. C. (1987). Extinctions des vert ´ebr´es terrestres de Nouvelle-Calédonie. M´emoires de la SociétéGéologique de France 150: 177–183.
Balouet, J. C., and Olson, S. L. (1989). Fossil birds from late Quaternary deposits in New Caledonia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 469.
Bartram, L. E., Jr. (1993). Perspectives on skeletal part profiles and utility curves from eastern Kalahari ethnoarchaeology. In Hudson, J. (ed.), From Bones to Behavior, Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Papers (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale), No. 21: pp. 115–137.
Bayham, F. E. (1979). Factors influencing the Archaic pattern of animal exploitation. The Kiva 44: 219–235.
Bettinger, R. L. (1991). Aboriginal occupations at high-altitude: Alpine villages in the Whites Mountains of eastern California. American Anthropologist 93: 656–679.
Bettinger, R. L. (1994). How, when, and why Numic spread. In Madsen. D. B., and Rhode, D. (eds.), Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 44–55.
Bettinger, R. L., Malhi, R., and McCarthy, H. (1997). Central place models of acorn and mussel processing. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 887–900.
Binford, L. R. (2000). [Review of] Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus, by A. H. Simmons, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. American Antiquity 65: 771.
Blake, E. R. (1977). Manual of Neotropical Birds. Vol 1: Spheniscidae (Penguins) to Laridae (Gulls and Allies), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Blondel, J., and Vigne, J.-D. (1993). Space, time, andmanas determinants of diversity of birds and mammals in the Mediterranean region. In Ricklefs, R. E., and Schluter, D. (eds.), Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 135–146.
Bodmer, R. E., Eisenberg, J. F., and Redford, K. H. (1997). Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conservation Biology 11: 460–466.
Booth, A. M., Minot, E. O., Fordham, R. A., and Innes, J. G. (1996). Kiore (Rattus exulans) predation on the eggs of the Little Shearwater (Puffinus assimilis haurakiensis). Notornis 43: 147–153.
Bowler, J. M., and Magee, J.W. (2000). Redating Australia's oldest human remains: A sceptic's view. Journal of Human Evolution 38: 719–726.
Brook, F. J. (1999). Changes in the landsnail fauna of Lady Alice Island, northeastern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29: 135–157.
Brook, F. J. (2000). Prehistoric predation of the landsnail Placostylus ambagiosus Suter (Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae), and evidence for the timing of establishment of rats in northernmost New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30: 227–241.
Broughton, J. M. (1994a). Declines in mammalian foraging efficiency during the late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13: 371–401.
Broughton, J. M. (1994b). Late Holocene resource intensification in the Sacramento Valley, California: The vertebrate evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 21: 501–514.
Broughton, J. M. (1997). Widening diet breadth, declining foraging efficiency, and prehistoric harvest pressure: Ichthyofaunal evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound, California. Antiquity 71: 845–862.
Broughton, J. M. (1999). Resource Depression and Intensification during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, University of California Press, Berkeley. Anthropological Records 32.
Broughton, J. M., and Grayson, D. K. (1993). Diet breadth, adaptive change, and the White Mountains faunas. Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 331–336.
Brown, J. (1970). A note on the sexual division of labor. American Anthropologist 72: 1073–1078.
Brown, J. H. (1995). Macroecology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Brown, J. H., and McDonald, W. (1995). Livestock grazing and conservation on Southwestern rangelands. Conservation Biology 9: 1644–1647.
Brown, J. H., and McDonald, W. (1997). Historical and cultural perspectives on grazing: Reply to Dudley. Conservation Biology 11: 270–272.
Buckland, P., Dugmore, P. A., and Sadler, J. (1991a). Faunal change or taphonomic problem? A comparison of modern and fossil insect faunas from south east Iceland. In Maizels, J. K., and Caseldine, C. (eds.), Environmental Change in Iceland: Past and Present, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 127–146.
Buckland, P. C., Dugmore, A. J., Perry, D. W., Savory, D., and Sveinbjarnardóttir, G. (1991b). Holt in Eyjafjallasveit, Iceland. Acta Archaeologica 61: 252–271.
Buckland, P.C., and Edwards, K. J. (1998). Palaeoecological evidence for possible pre-European settlement in the Falkland Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 599–602.
Buckland, P. C., Edwards, K. J., Blackford, J. J., Dugmore, A. J., Sadler, J. P., and Sveinbjarnardóttir, G. (1995). A question of landnam: Pollen, charcoal and insect studies on Papey, eastern Íceland. In Butlin, R. A. and Roberts, N. (eds.), Ecological Relations in Historical Times, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, pp. 245–264.
Bunimovitz, S., and Barkai, R. (1996). Ancient bones and modern myths: Ninth millennium B.C. hippopotamus hunters at Akrotiri Aetokremnos, Cyprus? Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8: 85–96.
Burney, D. A. (1987a). Late Holocene vegetational change in central Madagascar. Quaternary Research 28: 130–143.
Burney, D. A. (1987b). Late Quaternary stratigraphic charcoal records from Madagascar. Quaternary Research 28: 274–280.
Burney, D.A. (1993). Late Holocene environmental changes in arid southwestern Madagascar. Quaternary Research 40: 98–106.
Burney, D. A. (1997a). Theories and facts regarding Holocene environmental change before and after human colonization. In Goodman, S. M., and Patterson, B. D. (eds.), Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 75–89.
Burney, D. A. (1997b). Tropical islands as paleoecological laboratories: Gauging the consequences of human arrival. Human Ecology 25: 437–457.
Burney, D. A. (1999). Rates, patterns, and processes of landscape transformation and extinction in Madagascar. In MacPhee, R. D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 145–164.
Burrows, C. J., and Russell, J. B. (1990). Aranuian vegetation history of the Arrowsmith Range, Canterbury. I. Pollen diagrams, plant macrofossils, and buried soils from Prospect Hill. New Zealand Journal of Botany 28: 323–345.
Butler, B. R. (1972). The Holocene or postglacial ecological crisis on the eastern Snake River Plain. Tebiwa 15(1): 49–63.
Butler, V. L. (2000). Resource depression on the northwest coast of North America. Antiquity 74: 649–661.
Butler, V.L. (2001). Changing fish use on Mangaia, southern Cook Islands: Resource depression and the prey choice model. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11: 88–100.
Campbell, D. J., and Atkinson, I. A. E. (1999). Effects of kiore (Rattus exulans Peale) on recruitment of indigenous coastal trees on northern offshore islands of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29: 265–290.
Canaday, T. W. (1997). Prehistoric Alpine Hunting Patterns in the Great Basin. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle.
Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Caseldine, C., and Hatton, J. (1993). The development of high moorland on Dartmoor: Fire and the influence of Mesolithic activity on vegetation change. In Chambers, F. M. (ed.), Climate Change and Human Impact on the Landscape, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 119–131.
Chapman, F. M. (1895). Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, Appleton and Company, New York.
Charnov, E. L. (1976). Optimal foraging: The marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9: 126–136.
Charnov, E. L., Orians, G. H., and Hyatt, K. (1976). The ecological implications of resource depression. American Naturalist 110: 247–259.
Cheylan, G. (1984). Les mammifères des îles de Provence et de Méditerranée occidentale: Un exemple du peuplement insulaire non equilibré? Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et La Vie) 39: 37–54.
Chikamori, M. (1986). The changing pattern of fishing activities on Rennell Island, Solomon Islands. In Anderson, A. (ed.), Traditional Fishing in the Pacific. Pacific Anthropological Records 37: 73–84.
Choquenot, D., and Bowman, D. M. J. S. (1998). Marsupial megafauna, Aborigines and the overkill hypothesis: Application of predator-prey models to the question of Pleistocene extinction in Australia. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 167–180.
Christensen, C. C., and Kirch, P. V. (1981). Nonmarine mollusks from archaeological sites on Tikopia, southeastern Solomon Islands. Pacific Research 35: 75–88.
Christensen, C. C., and Kirch, P. V. (1986). Nonmarine mollusks and ecological change at Barbers Point, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 26: 52–80.
Clark, G. R. (1997). Maori subsistence change: Zoarchaeological evidence from the prehistoric dog of New Zealand. Asian Perspectives 36: 200–219.
Clout, M. N., and Mertin, D. V. (1998). Saving the Kakapo: The conservation of the world's most peculiar parrot. Bird Conservation International 8: 281–296.
Collins, P.W. (1991). Interaction between island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and Indians on islands off the coast of southern California: I. Morphologic and archaeological evidence of human assisted dispersal. Journal of Ethnobiology 11: 51–81.
Collins, P. W., and George, S. B. (1990). Systematics and taxonomy of island and mainland Populations of western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis) in southern California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, No. 420.
Cooke, R.G., Norr, L., and Piperno, D. R. (1996). Native Americans and the Panamanian landscape. In Reitz, E. J., Newson, L. A., and Scudder, S. J. (eds.), Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 103–126.
Cosgrove, R. (1999). Forty-two degrees south: The archaeology of late Pleistocene Tasmania. Journal of World Prehistory 13: 357–402.
Costamagno, S. (1999). Stratégies de Chasse et Fonction des Sites au Magdalènien dans le sud de la France, Thèse presentée à l'Université Bordeaux I, No. 2134, Talence.
Cowan, P. E. (1990). Brushtail possum. In King, C. M. (ed.), The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, Oxford University Press, Auckland, pp. 68–98.
Crowley, T. J., and Lowery, T. S. (2000). How warm was the MedievalWarm Period? Ambio 29: 51–54.
Davis, S. J. M. (1984). Khirokitia and its mammal remains: A Neolithic Noah's Ark. In Le Brun. A. (ed.), Fouilles R´ecentes àKhirokitia (Chypre) 1977–1981, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, pp. 147–179.
Davis, S. J. M. (1987). La faune. L'Anthropologie 91: 305–309.
Davis, S. J. M. (1989). Some more animal remains from the Aceramic Neolithic of Cyprus. In Le Brun, A. (ed.), Fouilles Récentes `a Khirokitia (Chypre) 1983–1986, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, pp. 189–221.
Davis, S. J. M. (1994). Even more bones from Khirokitia: The 1988–1991 Excavations. In Le Brun, A. (ed.), Fouilles Récentes àKhirokitia (Chypre) 1988–1991, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, pp. 305–317.
de France, S.D., Keegan, W. F., and Newsom, L. A. (1996). The archaeobotanical, bone isotope, and zooarchaeological records from Caribbean sites in comparative perspective. In Reitz, E. J., Newson, L. A., and Scudder, S. J. (eds.), Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 289–304.
Delpech, F. (1999). Biomasse d'ongulés au Paléolithique et inférences d´emographiques. Paléo 11, 19–42.
Descender, K., and Baert. L. (1997). Conservation of terrestrial arthropods on Easter Island as exemplified by the beetle fauna. Conservation Biology 11: 836–838.
Dewar, R.E. (1997a). Does it matter that Madagascar is an island? Human Ecology 25: 481–489.
Dewar, R. E. (1997b). Were people responsible for the extinction of Madagascar's subfossils, and how will we ever know? In Goodman, S. M., and B. D. Patterson (eds.), Natural Change andHumanImpact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,DC, pp. 364–377.
Diamond, J. M. (1975). Assembly of species communities. In Cody, M. L., and Diamond, J. M. (eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 342–444.
Diamond, J. M. (1984). Historic extinction: A Rosetta Stone for understanding prehistoric extinctions. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 824–862.
Diamond, J. M. (1986). The mammoths’ last migration. Nature 319: 265–266.
Diamond, J. M. (1989). The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 325: 469–477.
Dillehay, T. D. (1989). Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile. Vol. 1: Palaeoenvironment and Site Context. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Dillehay, T. D. (1997). Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile. Vol. 2: The Archaeological Context and Interpretation, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Dodd, C. K., Jr., and Seigel, R. S. (1991). Relocation, repatriation, and translocation of amphibians and reptiles: Are they conservation strategies that work? Herpetologica 47: 336–350.
Dodson, J. R., and Intoh, M. (1999). Prehistory and paleoecology of Yap, federated states of Micronesia. Quaternary International 59: 17–26.
Dransfield, J., Flenley, J. R., King, S. M., Harkness, D.D., and Rapu, S. (1984). Arecently extinct palm from Easter Island. Nature 312: 750–752.
Dumont, H. J., Cocquyt, C., Fontugne, M., Arnold, M., Reyss, J.-L., Bloemendal, J., Oldfield, F., Steenbergen, C. L. M., Korthals, H. J., and Zeeb, B.A. (1998). The end of moai quarrying and its effect on Lake Rano Raraku, Easter Island. Journal of Paleolimnology 20: 409–422.
Dyson-Hudson, R., and Smith, E. A. (1978). Human territoriality: An ecological reassessment. American Anthropologist 80: 21–41.
Edwards, K. J. (1996). A Mesolithic of the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland? Evidence from pollen and charcoal. In Pollard, T., and Morrison, A. (eds.), The Early Prehistory of Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 23–38.
Edwards, K. J., and Mithen, S. (1995). The colonization of the Hebridean Islands of western Scotland: Evidence from the palynological and archaeological records.World Archaeology 26: 348–365.
Ehrlich, P. R. (1968). The Population Bomb, Ballantine Books, New York.
Elton, C. S. (1958). The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants, Chapman and Hall, London.
Enckell, P. H., and Rundgren, S. (1988). Anthropochorous earthworms (Lumbricidae) as indicators of abandoned settlements in the Faroe Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 439–451.
Enright, N. J., and Gosden, C. (1992). Unstable archipelagos--south-west Pacific environment and prehistory since 30 000 B.P. In Dodson, J. (ed.), The Naive Lands, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, pp. 160–198.
Fa, J. E., Juste, J., Perez del Val, J., and Castroviejo, J. (1995). Impact of market hunting on mammal species in equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology 9: 1107–1115.
FAUNMAP Working Group. (1994). FAUNMAP: A Database Documenting Late Quaternary Distributions of Mammal Species in the United States. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 25.
FAUNMAP Working Group. (1996). Spatial response of mammals to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science 272: 1601–1606.
FitzGibbon, C. D., Mogaka, H., and Fanshawe, J. H. (1995). Subsistence hunting in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya, and its effects on mammal populations. Conservation Biology 9: 1116–1126.
Flannery, T. F. (1994). The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People, Braziller, New York.
Flannery, T., Bellwood, P., White, R., Boeadi, and Nitihaminoto, G. (1995). Fossil marsupials (Macropodidae, Peroryctidae) and other mammals of Holocene age from Halmahera, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Alcheringa 19: 17–25.
Flannery, T. F., Bellwood, P., White, J. P., Ennis, T., Irwin, G., Schubert, K., and Balasubramaniam, S. (1998). Mammals from Holocene archaeological deposits on Gebe and Morotai islands, northern Moluccas, Indonesia. Australian Mammalogy 20: 391–400.
Flannery, T. F., Kirch, P. V., Specht, J., and Spriggs, M. (1988). Holocene mammal faunas from archaeological sites in island Melanesia. Archaeology in Oceania 23: 89–94.
Flannery, T. F., and Roberts, R. G. (1999). Late Quaternary extinctions in Australasia: An overview. In MacPhee, R.D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 239–255.
Flannery, T. F., and White, J. P. (1991). Animal translocation. National Geographic Research and Exploration 7(1): 96–113.
Flannery, T. F., and Wickler, S. (1990). Quaternary murids (Rodentia: Muridae) from Buka Island, Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new species. Australian Mammalogy 13: 127–139.
Fleming, C. A. (1962a). History of the New Zealand land bird fauna. Notornis 9: 270–274.
Fleming, C. A. (1962b). The extinction of moas and other animals during the Holocene period. Notornis 10: 113–117.
Fleming, C. A. (1969). Rats and moa extinction. Notornis 16: 210–211.
Flenley, J. R. (1993). The paleoecology of Easter Island, and its ecological disaster. In Fischer, S. R. (ed.), Easter Island Studies: Contributions to the History of Rapanui in Memory of William T. Mulloy. Oxbow Monograph 32: 27–45.
Flenley, J. R. (1996). Further evidence of vegetational change on Easter Island. Pacific Island Study 16: 135–141.
Flenley, J. (1998). New data and new thoughts about Rapa Nui. In Stevenson, C. M., Lee, G., and Morin, F. J. (eds.), Easter Island in Pacific Context. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia, Easter Island Foundation, Occasional Paper, No. 4, pp. 125–128.
Flenley, J. R., and King, S.M. (1984). Late Quaternary pollen records from Easter Island. Nature 307: 47–50.
Flenley, J. R., King, A. S. M., Jackson, J., and Chew, C. (1991). The late Quaternary vegetational and climatic history of Easter Island. Journal of Quaternary Science 6: 85–115.
Flux, J. E. C. (1994). World distribution. In Thompson, H. V., and King, C. M. (eds.), The European Rabbit: The History and Biology of a Successful Colonizer, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 8–21.
Foster, D. R. (2000). From bobolinks to bears: Interjecting geographical history into ecological studies, environmental interpretation, and conservation planning. Conservation Biology 27: 27–30.
Fowler, C. S. (1992). In the Shadow of Fox Peak: An Ethnography of the Cattail-Eater Northern PaiutePeople of Stillwater Marsh, U. S. Department of the InteriorFish and Wildlife Service, Region 1. Cultural Resource Series 5.
Frederickson, C., Spriggs, M., and Ambrose, W. (1993). Pamwak Rockshelter: A Pleistocene site on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. In Smith, M.A., Spriggs, M., and Frankhauser, B. (eds.), Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea, and Island Melanesia. Research School of Pacific Studies, Department of Prehistory, Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 144–152. Occasional Papers in Prehistory, No. 24.
Fredskild, B. (1988). Agriculture in a marginal area--South Greenland from the Norse Landnam (985 A.D.) to the present (1985 A.D.). In Birks, H. H., Birks, H. J. B., Kaland, P. E., and Moe, D. (eds), The Cultural Landscape--Past, Present, and Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 382–393.
Gibb, J. A. (1990). The European rabbit. In Chapman, J. A., and Flux, J. E. C. (eds.), Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, pp. 116–120.
Glover, I. (1986). Archaeology in Eastern Timor, 1966–67. Terra Australis 11.
Gould, R. A. (1996). Faunal reduction at Puntutjarpa rockshelter,Warburton Ranges, western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 31: 72–86.
Gowaty, P. A., and Plissner, J. H. (1998). Eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis). The Birds of North America 380.
Graham, R. W. (1992). Late Pleistocene faunal changes as a guide to understanding effects of greenhouse warming on the mammalian fauna of North America. In Peters, R. L., and T. E. Lovejoy (eds.), Global Warming and Biological Diversity, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 76–87.
Graham, R.W., and Lundelius, E. L., Jr. (1984). Coevolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 211–222.
Grayson, D. K. (1977). On the Holocene history of some northern Great Basin lagomorphs. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 507–513.
Grayson, D. K. (1983). The Establishment of Human Antiquity, Academic Press, New York.
Grayson, D. K. (1984a). Explaining Pleistocene extinctions: Thoughts on the structure of a debate. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 807–823.
Grayson, D. K. (1984b). Nineteenth-century explanations of Pleistocene extinctions: A review and analysis. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 5–39.
Grayson, D. K. (1984c). Archaeological associations with extinct Pleistocene mammals in North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 213–221.
Grayson, D. K. (1987a). An analysis of the chronology of late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America. Quaternary Research 28: 281–289.
Grayson, D. K. (1987b). The biogeographic history of small mammals in the Great Basin: Observations on the last 20,000 years. Journal of Mammalogy 68: 359–375.
Grayson, D. K. (1989). The chronology of North American late Pleistocene extinctions. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 153–165.
Grayson, D. K. (1991a). Alpine faunas from theWhite Mountains, California: Adaptive change in the late prehistoric Great Basin? Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 483–506.
Grayson, D. K. (1991b). Late Pleistocene extinctions in North America: Taxonomy, chronology, and explanations. Journal of World Prehistory 5: 193–232.
Grayson, D. K. (1993). The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Grayson, D. K. (2000a). Mammalian responses to Middle Holocene climatic change in the Great Basin of the western United States. Journal of Biogeography 27: 181–192.
Grayson, D. K. (2000b). [Review of] Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus, by A. H. Simmons, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Geoarchaeology 15: 379–381.
Grayson, D. K., and Cannon, M. D. (1999). Human paleoecology and foraging theory in the Great Basin. In Beck, C. (ed.), Models for the Millennium: Great Basin Anthropology Today, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 141–151.
Grayson, D. K., and Delpech, F. (in press). The Upper Paleolithic at Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France): Richness, evenness, and cave bears. In Hays, M. A., and Thacker, P. (eds.), Questioning the Answers: Resolving Fundamental Problems of the Early Upper Paleolithic. British Archaeological Reports.
Grayson, D. K., Delpech, F., Rigaud, J.-Ph., and Simek, J. (2001). Explaining the development of dietary dominance by a single ungulate taxon at Grotte XVI, Dordogne, France. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 115–112.
Grayson, D. K., and Madsen, D. B. (2000). Biogeographic implications of recent low-elevation recolonization by Neotoma cinerea in the Great Basin. Journal of Mammalogy 81: 1100–1105.
Griffith, B., Scott, J. M., Carpenter, J. W., and Reed, C. (1989). Translocation as a species conservation tool: Status and strategy. Science 245: 477–480.
Guthrie, R. D. (1984). Mosaics, allelochemics, and nutrients: An ecological theory of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 259–298.
Haberle, S. G., and Ledru, M.-P. (2001). Correlations among charcoal records of fires from the past 16,000 years in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Central and South America. Quaternary Research 55: 97–104.
Haberle, S.G., Hope, G. S., and DeFretes, Y. (1991). Environmental change in the BaliemValley, montane Irian Jaya, Republic of Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography 18: 25–40.
Hadjisterkotis, E., Masala, B., and Reese, D. S. (2000). The origin and extinction of the large endemic Pleistocene mammals of Cyprus. Biogeographia 21: 593–606.
Haight, R. G., Ralls, K., and Starfield, A. M. (2000). Designing species translocation strategies when population growth and future funding are uncertain. Conservation Biology 14: 1298–1307.
Hames, R. B., and Vickers, W. T. (1983). Optimal diet breadth theory as a model to explain variability in human hunting. American Ethnologist 9: 358–378.
Hannon, G. E., and Bradshaw, R.H.W. (2000). Impacts and timing of the first human settlement on vegetation of the Faroe Islands. Quaternary Research 54: 404–413.
Hansen, B. C. S., and Rodbell, D. T. (1995). A late-glacial/Holocene pollen record from the eastern Andes of northern Peru. Quaternary Research 44: 216–227.
Hargrave, L. L. (1970). Mexican Macaws: Comparative Osteology and Survey of Remains from the Southwest. University of Arizona Anthropological Papers 20.
Harris, A.H. (1989). The New Mexican lateWisconsin--east versus west. National Geographic Research 5(2): 205–217.
Hawkes, K. (1990). Why do men hunt? Benefits for risky choices. In Cashdan, E. (ed.), Risk and Uncertainty in Tribal and Peasant Societies, Westview Press, Boulder, pp. 145–166.
Hawkes, K., Hill, K., and O'Connell, J. F. (1982). Why hunters gather: Optimal foraging and the Ach´e of eastern Paraguay. American Ethnologist 9: 379–398.
Hawkes, K., and O'Connell, J. F. (1992).Onoptimal foraging models and subsistence transitions. Current Anthropology 33: 63–66.
Haynes, G. (1991). Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior, and the Fossil Record, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Head, L. (1989). Prehistoric aboriginal impacts on Australian vegetation: An assessment of the evidence. Australian Geographer 20: 37–46.
Hester, J. J. (1967). The agency of man in animal extinctions. In Martin, P. S., and Wright, H. E., Jr. (eds), Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 169–192.
Heusser, C. J. (1983). Quaternary pollen records from Laguna de Tagua Tagua, Chile. Science 219: 1429–1432.
Heusser, C. J. (1987). Fire history of Fuego-Patagonia. Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula 5: 93–109.
Heusser, C. J. (1990). Ice age vegetation and climate of subtropical Chile. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80: 107–127.
Heusser, C. J. (1994). Paleoindians and fire during the late Quaternary in southern South America. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 67: 435–443.
Higham, T., Anderson, A., and Jacomb, C. (1999). Dating the firstNewZealanders:The chronology of Wairau Bar. Antiquity 73: 420–427.
Higham, T. F. G., and Petchey, F. J. (2000). On the reliability of archaeological rat bone for radiocarbon dating in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30: 399–409.
Hill, K., Padwe, J., Bejyvagi, C., Bepurangi, A., Jakugi, F., Tykuarangi, R., and Tykuarangi, T. (1997). Impact of hunting on large vertebrates in the Mbaracayu Reserve, Paraguay. Conservation Biology 11: 1339–1353.
Hildebrandt, W. R., and Jones, T. L. (1992). Evolution of marine mammal hunting:Aview from the California and Oregon coasts. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11: 360–401.
Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler). (2000). 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland.
Holdaway, R. N. (1989). New Zealand's pre-human avifauna and its vulnerability. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 12(Suppl.): 11–25.
Holdaway, R. N. (1996). Arrival of rats in New Zealand. Nature 384: 225–226.
Holdaway, R. N. (1998). Radiocarbon dates from archaeological rat bones: The Pleasant River case. Archaeology in Oceania 33: 88–91.
Holdaway, R. N. (1999a). A spatio-temporal model for the invasion of the New Zealand archipelago by the Pacific rat Rattus exulans. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29: 91–105.
Holdaway, R. N. (1999b). Introduced predators and avifaunal extinction in New Zealand. In MacPhee, R. D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 189–238.
Holdaway, R. N., and Beavan, N. R. (1999). Reliable 14C AMS dates on bird and Pacific rat Rattus exulans bone gelatin, from a CaCO3-rich deposit. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29: 185–211.
Holdaway, R.N., and Jacomb, C. (2000). Rapid extinction of the moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, test, and implications. Science 287: 2250–2254.
Holdaway, R. N., and Worthy, T. H. (1994). A new fossil species of shearwater Puffinus from the late Quaternary of the South Island, New Zealand, and notes on the biogeography and evolution of the Puffinus gavia superspecies. EMU 94: 201–215.
Holland, P. (2000). Cultural landscapes as biogeographical experiments: A New Zealand perspective. Journal of Biogeography 27: 39–43.
Hope, G. (1982). Pollen from archaeological sites: A comparison of swamp and open archaeological site pollen spectra at Kosipe Mission, Papua New Guinea. In Ambrose, W., and Duerden, P. (eds.), Archaeometry: An Australasian Perspective, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 211–219.
Hope, G., and Golson, J. (1995). Late Quaternary change in the mountains of New Guinea. Antiquity 69: 818–830.
Horrocks, M., and Ogden, J. (1998). Fine resolution palynology of Erua Swamp, Tongaririo, New Zealand, since the Taupo Tephra eruption of c. 1700 B.P. New Zealand Journal of Botany 36: 285–293.
Horrocks, M., and Ogden, J. (2000). Evidence for lateglacial and Holocene tree-line fluctuations from pollen diagrams from the Subalpine zone on Mt. Hauhungatahi, Tongariro National Park, New Zealand. The Holocene 10: 61–73.
Horton, D. R. (1982). The burning question: Aborigines, fire, and Australian ecosystems. Mankind 13: 237–251.
Hunn, E. S. (1982). Mobility as a factor limiting resource use in the Columbia Plateau of North America. In Williams, S. M., and Hunn, E. S. (eds.), Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter–Gatherers. American Association for the Advancement of Science Selected Symposium, No. 67, pp. 17–43.
Hunt, T. L. (1981). New evidence for early horticulture in Fiji. Journal of the Polynesian Society 90: 259–266
Hunt, T. L., and Kirch, P. V. (1997). The historical ecology of Ofu Island, American Samoa, 3000 B.P. to the present. In Kirch, P. V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 105–123.
Hunter-Anderson, R. L. (1998). Human vs. climatic impacts at Rapa Nui: Did the people really cut down all those trees? In Stevenson, C. M., Lee, G., and Morin, F. J. (eds.), Easter Island in Pacific Context, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia, Easter Island Foundation, Occasional Paper, No. 4, pp. 85–99.
Jackson, S. T., and Overpeck, J. T. (2000). Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary. In Erwin, D. H., and Wing, S. L. (eds.), Deep Time: Paleobiology's Perspective, The Paleobiological Society, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 194–220.
Jackson, S. T., and Weng, C. (1999). Late Quaternary extinction of a tree species in eastern North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96: 13847–13852.
James, H. F. (1995). Prehistoric extinctions and ecological changes on Oceanic Islands. In Vitousek, P. M., Loope, L. L., and Adsersen, A. (eds.), Islands: Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 87–102.
James, H. F., Stafford, T. W., Jr., Steadman, D. W., Olson, S. L., Martin, P. S., Jull, A. J. T., and McCoy, P.M. (1987). Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84: 2350–2354.
Janetski, J. C. (1997). Fremont hunting and resource intensification in the eastern Great Basin. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 1075–1089.
Jones, R. (1969). Fire-stick farming. Australian Natural History 16: 224–228.
Jones, T. L., and Hildebrandt, W. R. (1995). Reasserting a prehistoric tragedy of the commons: Reply to Lyman. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 78–98.
Jones, T. L., Brown, G. M., Raab, L. M., McVickar, J. L., Spaulding, W. G., Kennett, D. J., York, A., and Walker, P. L. (1999). Environmental imperatives reconsidered: Demographic crises in western North America during the Medieval climate anomaly. Current Anthropology 40: 137–170.
Kaplan, H., and Hill, K. (1992). The evolutionary ecology of food acquisition. In Smith, E. A., and Winderhalder, B. (eds.), Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp. 167–202.
Kay, C. E. (1994). Aboriginal overkill: The role of Native Americans in structuring western ecosystems. Human Nature 5: 359–398.
Keegan, W. F. (1989). Transition from a terrestrial to a maritime economy: A new view of the crab/shell dichotomy. In Siegel, P. E. (ed.), Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean. BAR International Series 506: 119–128
Keegan, W. F. (1995). Modeling dispersal in the prehistoricWest Indies.World Archaeology 26: 401–420.
Keegan, W. F., and DeNiro, M. J. (1998). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen used to study coral reef and terrestrial components of prehistoric Bahamanian diet. American Antiquity 53: 320–336.
Kelly, R. L. (1997). Late Holocene Great Basin Prehistory. Journal of World Prehistory 11: 1–49.
Kelly, R. L., and Todd, L. C. (1988). Coming into the country: Early Paleoindian hunting and mobility. American Antiquity 53: 231–244.
Keogh, M. J., Quinn, G. P., and King, A. (1993). Correlations between human collecting and intertidal mollusk populations on rocky shores. Conservation Biology 7: 378–390.
Kershaw, A. P. (1986). Climatic change and Aboriginal burning in north-east Australia during the last two glacial/interglacial cycles. Nature 322: 47–49.
King, C. M. (1990). Introduction. In, The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, edited by C. M. King, pp. 3–21. Oxford University Press, Auckland.
Kirch, P. V. (1973). Prehistoric subsistence patterns in the northern Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 8: 24–40.
Kirch, P. V. (1988). Niuatoputapu: The Prehistory of a Polynesian Chiefdom. Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum Monograph, No. 5.
Kirch, P. V. (1993). Non-marine mollusks from the To'aga site sediments and their implications for environmental change. In Kirch, P. V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), The To'aga Site: Three Millennia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manu'a Islands, American Samoa. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 51, pp. 115–121.
Kirch, P. V. (1997a). Changing landscapes and sociopolitical evolution in Mangaia, central Polynesia. In Kirch, P. V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 147–165.
Kirch, P. V. (1997b). Introduction: The Environmental History of Oceanic Islands. In Kirch, P. V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 1–21.
Kirch, P. V. (1997c). Microcosmic histories: Island perspectives on “global” change. American Anthropologist 99: 30–42.
Kirch, P. V., and Ellison, J. (1994). Palaeoenvironmental evidence for human colonization of remote Oceanic islands. Antiquity 68: 310–321.
Kirch, P. V., Flenley, J. R., Steadman, D. W., Lamont, F., and Dawson, S. (1992). Ancient environmental degradation. National Geographic Research & Exploration 8(2): 166–179.
Kirch, P. V., Steadman, D. W., Butler, V. L., Hather, J., and Weisler, M. I. (1995). Prehistory and human ecology at Tangatatau Rockshelter, Mangaia, Cook Islands. Archaeology in Oceania 30: 47–65.
Kirch, P. V., and Yen, D. E. (1982). Tikopia: The prehistory and ecology of a Polynesian outlier. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, No. 238.
Klein, R. G. (1999). The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins, 2nd. edn., University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Kohm, K., Boersma, P. D., Meffe, G. K., and Noss, R. (2000). Putting the science into practice and the practice into science. Conservation Biology 14: 593–594.
Koopman, K. F., and Steadman, D. W. (1995). 'Eua, Kingdom of Tonga. American Museum Novitates, No. 3125.
Kowalski, K. (1967). The Pleistocene extinction of mammals in Europe. In Martin, P. S., and Wright, H. E., Jr. (eds.), Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 349–364.
Krech, S., III. (1999). The Ecological Indian: Myth and History, W. W. Norton, New York.
Kurtén, B. (1958). Life and death of the Pleistocene Cave Bear. Acta Zoologica Fennica 95.
Kurtén, B. (1968). The Cave Bear Story, Columbia University Press, New York.
Leach, F., Davidson, J., Fraser, K., and Anderson, A. (1999). Pre-European catches of barracouta, Thyrsites atun, at Long Beach and Shag River Mouth, Otago, New Zealand. Archaeofauna 8: 11–30.
Lepofsky, D., Kirch, P.V., and Lertzman, K. P. (1996). Stratigraphic and paleobotanical evidence for prehistoric human-induced environmental disturbance on Mo'orea, French Polynesia. Pacific Science 50: 253–273.
Lightfoot, K. G., Cerrato, R. M., and Wallace, H. V. E. (1993). Prehistoric shellfish-harvesting strategies: Implications from the growth of soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). Antiquity 67: 358–369.
Lowe, D. J., Newnham, R. M., McFadgen, B. G., and Higham, T. F. G. (2000). Tephras and New Zealand archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 859–870.
Lyman, R. L. (1991). Late Quaternary biogeography of the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) in eastern Washington. Journal of Mammalogy 72: 110–117.
Lyman, R. L. (1995). On the evolution of marine mammal hunting on the west coast of North America. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 45–77.
Lyman, R. L. (1996). Applied zooarchaeology: The relevance of faunal analysis to wildlife management. World Archaeology 28: 110–125.
Lyman, R. L. (1998). White Goats, White Lies: The Abuse of Science in Olympic National Park, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
MacArthur, R.H. (1972). Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species, Harper and Row, New York.
MacArthur, R. H., and E.O. Wilson. E.O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Macklin, M.G., Bonsall, C., Davies, F. M., and Robinson, M. R. (2000). Human–environment interactions during the Holocene: New data and interpretations from the Oban area, Argyll, Scotland. The Holocene 10: 109–121.
MacPhail, M. K. (1984). Small-scale dynamics in an early Holocene wet sclerophyll forest in Tasmania. The New Phytologist 96: 131–147.
MacPhee, R. D. E., and Marx, P. A. (1997). The 40,000 year plague: Humans, hyperdisease, and first-contact extinctions. In Goodman, S. M., and Patterson, B.D. (eds.), Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 168–217.
Madsen, D. B., and Schmitt, D. N. (1998). Mass collecting and the diet breadth model: A Great Basin example. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 445–455.
Maiorana, V. C. (1990). Evolutionary strategies and body size in a guild of mammals. In J. Damuth, J., and B. J. MacFadden, B. J. (eds.), Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 69–102.
Markgraf, V. (1993a). Paleoenvironments and paleoclimates in Tierra del Fuego and southernmost Patagonia, South America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 102: 53–68.
Markgraf, V. (1993b). Younger Dryas in southernmost South America--an update. Quaternary Science Reviews 12: 351–355.
Markgraf, V., Romero, E., and Villagrán, C. (1996). History and paleoecology of South American Nothofagus forests. In Veblen, T. T., Hill, R. S., and Read, J. (eds.), The Ecology and Biogeography of Nothofagus Forests, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 354–386.
Martin, P. M. V., and Combes, C. (1996). Emerging infectious diseases and the depopulation of French Polynesia in the 19th century. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2: 359–361.
Martin, P. S. (1967). Prehistoric overkill. In P. S. Martin, P. S., and Wright, H. E., Jr. (eds.), Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 75–120.
Martin, P. S. (1984). Prehistoric overkill: The global model. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 354–403.
Martin, P. S. (1990). Who or what destroyed our mammoths. In Agenbroad, L. D., Mead, J. I., and Nelson, L. W. (eds.), Megafauna and Man: Discovery of America's Heartland, pp. 109–117. The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, Hot Springs, South Dakota, Scientific Papers 1.
Martin, P. S. (1999). Deep history and a wilder west. In Robichaux, R. H. (ed.), Ecology of Sonoran Desert Plants, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 256–290.
Martin, P. S., and Burney, D. A. (1999). Bring back the elephants! Wild Earth 9(1): 57–64.
Martin, P. S. and Steadman, D. W. (1999). Prehistoric extinctions on islands and continents. In MacPhee, R. D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 17–52.
Matisoo-Smith, E., Roberts, R. M., Irwin, G. J., Allen, J. S., Penny, D., and Lambert, D. M. (1998). Patterns of prehistoric human mobility in Polynesia indicated by mtDNA from the Pacific Rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 95: 15145–15150.
McGlone, M. S. (1983). Polynesian deforestation of New Zealand: A preliminary synthesis. Archaeology in Oceania 18: 11–25.
McGlone, M. S. (1989). The Polynesian settlement of New Zealand in relation to environmental and biotic changes. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 12(Suppl.): 115–129.
McGlone, M. S., Anderson, A. J., and Holdaway. R. N. (1994). An ecological approach to the Polynesian settlement of New Zealand. In Sutton, D. G. (ed.), The Origins of the First New Zealanders, Auckland University Press, Auckland, pp. 137–163.
McGlone, M. S., Mildenhall, D. C., and Pole, M. S. (1996). History and paleoecology of New Zealand Nothofagus forests. In Veblen, T. T., Hill, R. S., and Read, J. (eds.), The Ecology and Biogeography of Nothofagus Forests, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 83–130.
McGlone, M. S., and Wilmshurst, J. M. (1999). Dating initial Maori environmental impact in New Zealand. Quaternary International 59: 5–16.
McGovern, T. H., Buckland, P. C., Savory, D., Sveinbjarnardóttir, G., Andreason, C., and Skidmore, P. (1983). A study of the faunal and floral remains from two Norse farms in the Western Settlement, Greenland. Arctic Anthropology 20: 93–120.
Mellars, P. (1996). The Neanderthal Legacy, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Meltzer, D. J. (1995). Clocking the first Americans. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 21–45.
Meltzer, D. J. (1997). Monte Verde and the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Science 276: 754–755.
Meltzer, D. J., Grayson, D. K., Ardila, G., Barker, A.W., Dincauze, D. F., Haynes, C. V., Mena, F., Nunez, L., and Stanford, D. J. (1997). On the Pleistocene antiquity of Monte Verde, southern Chile. American Antiquity 62: 659–663.
Metcalfe, D., and Barlow, K. R. (1992). A model for exploring the optimal trade-off between field processing and transport. American Anthropologist 94: 340–356.
Miller, G. H., Magee, J. W., Johnson, B. J., Fogel, M. L., Spooner, N. A., McCulloch, M. T., and Ayliffe, L. K. (1999). Pleistocene extinction of Genyornis newtoni: Human impact on Australian megafauna. Science 283: 205–208.
Minnis, P. E., Whalen, M. E., Kelley, J. H., and Stewart, J.D. (1993). Prehistoric macaw breeding in the North American Southwest. American Antiquity 58: 27–276.
Moreno, P. I. (2000). Climate, fire, and vegetation between about 13,000 and 9200 14C yr. B.P. in the Chilean Lake District. Quaternary Research 54: 81–89.
Morey, D. F. (1996). L'origine de plus vieil ami de l'homme. La Recherche 288: 72–77.
Morgan, G. S. (1989). Fossil Chiroptera and Rodentia from the Bahamas, and the historical biogeography of the Bahamian mammal fauna. In Woods, C.A. (ed.), Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future, Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, pp. 685–740.
Morgan, G. S., and Woods, C. A. (1986). Extinction and the zoogeography ofWest Indian land mammals. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28: 167–203.
Morrison, L. W. (1996a). Community organization in a recently assembled fauna: The case of Polynesian ants. Oecologia 107: 243–256.
Morrison, L. W. (1996b). The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Polynesia revisited: Species numbers and the importance of sampling intensity. Ecography 19: 73–84.
Mosimann, J. E., and Martin, P. S. (1975). Simulating overkill by Paleoindians. American Scientist 63: 304–313.
Nabhan, G. P. (2000). Native American management and conservation of biodiversity in the Sonoran Desert bioregion. In Minnis, P. E., and Elisens, W. J. (eds.), Biodiversity and Native America, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 29–43.
Nagaoka, L. A. (2000). Resource Depression, Extinction, and Subsistence Change in Prehistoric Southern New Zealand. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle.
Nagaoka, L. (2001). Using diversity indices to measure changes in prey choice at the Shag River Mouth Site, southern New Zealand. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11: 101–111.
Newnham, R. M., Lowe, D. J., and Matthews, B. W. (1998a). A late-Holocene and prehistoric record of environmental change from Lake Waikaremoana, New Zealand. The Holocene 8: 443–454.
Newnham, R. M., Lowe, D. J., McGlone, M. S., Wilmshurst, J. M., and Higham, T. F.G. (1998b). The Kaharoa Tephra as a critical datum for earliest human impact in New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 533–544.
O'Connell, J. F. (2000). An Emu hunt. In Anderson, A., and Murray, T. (eds.), Australian Archaeologist: Collected Papers in Honour of Jim Allen, Coombs Academic Publishing, Australian National University, Sydney, pp. 1–181.
O'Connell, J. F., and Allen, J. (1998). When did humans first arrive in Greater Australia and why is it important to know? Evolutionary Anthropology 6: 132–146.
O'Connell, J. F., Hawkes, K., and Blurton Jones, N. (1990). Reanalysis of large mammal body part transport among the Hadza. Journal of Archaeological Science 17: 301–316.
O'Connell, M., Molloy, K., and Bowler, M. (1988). Post-glacial landscape evolution in Connemara, western Ireland with particular reference to woodland history. In Birks, H. H., Birks, H. J. B., Kaland, P. E., and Moe, D. (eds), The Cultural Landscape--Past, Present, and Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 267–287.
O'Dwyer, T. W, Buttemer, W. A., and Priddel, D. M. (2000). Inadvertent translocation of amphibians in the shipment of agricultural produce into New South Wales: Its extent and conservation implications. Pacific Conservation Biology 6: 40–45.
Olson, S. L. (1974).Anew species of Nesotrochis from Hispaniola, with notes on other fossil rails from theWest Indies (Aves: Rallidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society ofWashington 87: 439–450.
Olson, S. L. (1977). A synopsis of the fossil Rallidae. In Ripley, S. D. (ed.), Rails of the World: A Monograph of the Family Rallidae, Godine, Boston, pp. 339–373.
Olson, S. L. (1982). Biological archaeology in theWest Indies. Florida Anthropologist 35: 162–168.
Olson, S. L., and James, H. F. (1982a). Fossil birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Evidence for wholesale extinction by man before Western contact. Science 217: 633–635.
Olson, S. L., and James, H. F. (1982b). Prodromus of the FossilAvifauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 365.
Olson, S. L., and James, H. F. (1984). The role of Polynesians in the extinction of the avifauna of the Hawaiian Islands. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 768–780.
Olson, S. L., and James, H. F. (1991a). Descriptions of Thirty-two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs, No. 45. American Ornithologists Union, Washington, D.C.
Olson, S. L., and James, H. F. (1991b). Descriptions of Thirty-two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs, No. 46. American Ornithologists Union, Washington, D.C.
Olson, S. L., and Pregill, G. K. (1982). Introduction to the paleontology of Bahaman vertebrates. In Olsen, S. L. (ed.), Fossil Vertebrates from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, No. 48, pp. 1–7.
Olson, S. L., Pregill, G. K., and Hilgartner, W. B. (1990). Studies on Fossil and Extant Vertebrates From San Salvador (Watling's) Island, Bahamas. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 508.
Orliac, M. (1997). Human occupation and environmental modifications in the Papeno'o Valley, Tahiti. In Kirch, P. V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 200–229.
Orliac, C., and M. Orliac, M. (1998). The disappearance of Easter Island's forests: Overexploitation or climatic catastrophe? In Stevenson, C. M., Lee, G., and Morin, F. J. (eds.), Easter Island in Pacific Context. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia, Easter Island Foundation, Occasional Paper, No. 4: pp. 129–135.
Ovchinnikov, I. V., Götherström, A., Romanova, G. P., Kharitonov, V. M., Lidén, K., and Goodwin, W. (2000). Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus. Nature 404: 490–493.
Owen-Smith, N. (1987). Pleistocene extinctions: The pivotal role of megaherbivores. Paleobiology 13: 351–362.
Owen-Smith, N. (1999). The interaction of humans, megaherbivores, and habitats in the Late Pleistocene extinction event. In MacPhee, R.D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 57–69.
Paulay, G. (1994). Biodiversity on oceanic islands: Its origin and extinction. American Zoologist 34: 134–144.
Payne, S. (1995). The small mammals. In Shaw, J. W., and Shaw, M. C. (eds.), Kommos I: The Kommos Region and Houses of the Minoan Town. Part 1: The Kommos Region, Ecology, and Minoan Industries, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 278–291.
Pearsall, D. M. (1995). Domestication and agriculture in the NewWorld Tropics. In Price, T.D., and Gebauer, A.B. (eds.), Last Hunters--First Farmers: NewPerspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, School of American Research, Santa Fe, pp. 157–192.
Piperno, D. R., Bush, M. B., and Colinvaux, P. A. (1990). Paleoenvironments and human occupation in late-glacial Panama. Quaternary Research 33: 108–116.
Piperno, D. R., Bush, M. B., and Colinvaux, P. A. (1991a). Paleoecological perspectives on human adaptation in central Panama. I: The Pleistocene. Geoarchaeology 6: 201–226.
Piperno, D. R., Bush, M. B., and Colinvaux, P. A. (1991b). Paleoecological perspectives on human adaptation in central Panama. II: The Holocene. Geoarchaeology 6: 227–250.
Peres, C. A. (2000). Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structure in Amazonian forests. Conservation Biology 14: 240–254.
Porter, R. (1996). The Cretan wild goat (Capra aegagrus cretica) and the Theran “antelopes.” In Reese, D. S. (ed.), Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its First Settlers, Monographs in World Archaeology 28, Madison, pp. 295–315.
Pregill, G. (1986). Body size of insular lizards: A pattern of Holocene dwarfism. Evolution 40: 997–1008.
Pregill, G. (1998). Squamate reptiles from prehistoric sites in the Mariana Islands. Copeia 1998: 64–75.
Pregill, K. P., and Dye, T. (1989). Prehistoric extinction of giant iguanas in Tonga. Copeia 1989: 505–508.
Price, R. D., and Timm, R. M. (1997). A new subspecies and four new species of Gliricola (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae) from Caribbean hutias (Rodentia: Capromyidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110: 285–300.
Redford, K. H., and Stearman, A. M. (1993a). Forest-dwelling native Amazonians and the conservation of biodiversity: Interests in common or in collision? Conservation Biology 7: 248–256.
Redford, K. H., and Stearman, A. M. (1993b). On common ground? Response to Alcorn. Conservation Biology 7: 427–428.
Redman, C. L. (1999). Human Impacts on Ancient Environments, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Reese, D. S. (1996). Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of Crete and its First Settlers, Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 28, Madison.
Reinert, H. K. (1991). Translocation as a conservation strategy for amphibians and reptiles: Some comments, concerns, and observations. Herpetologica 47: 357–363.
Rigaud, J.-Ph., Simek, J. F., and Ge, T. (1995). Mousterian fires from Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France). Antiquity 69: 902–912.
Rinke, D. (1989). The relationships and taxonomy of the Fijian parrot genus Prosopeia. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 109: 185–195.
Rivière, F., Klein, J.-M., Thirel, R., and Chebret, M. (1998). Écologie d'Aedes polynesiensis Marks, 1951 (Diptera: Culicidae) vecteur de la filariose de Bancroft. I. Les noix do coco rongées par les rats comme gîtes larvaires. Annales de la SociétéEntomologique de France 34(n.s.): 195–207.
Roberts, M. (1991). Origin, dispersal routes, and geographic distribution of Rattus exulans, with special reference to New Zealand. Pacific Science 45: 123–130.
Rogers, P. M., Arthur, C. P., and Soriguer, R. C. (1994). The rabbit in continental Europe. In Thompson, H. V., and King, C. M. (eds.), The European Rabbit: The History and Biology of a Successful Colonizer, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 22–63.
Rolett, B.V. (1992). Faunal extinctions and depletions linked with prehistory and environmental change in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia). Journal of the Polynesian Society 101: 86–94.
Rolett, B. V. (1998). Hanamiai: Prehistoric Colonization and Cultural Change in the Marquesas Islands (East Polynesia). Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 81.
Rosenzweig, M. L. (1995). Species Diversity in Time and Space, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Russell, B. D., and Harris, A. H. (1986). A new Leporine (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) from Wisconsinan deposits of the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Mammalogy 67: 632–639.
Sadler, J. S. (1991). Beetles, boats and biogeography: Insect invaders of the North Atlantic. Acta Archaeologica 61: 199–211.
Sadler, J. P., and Skidmore, P. (1995). Introductions, extinctions, or continuity? Faunal change in the North Atlantic Islands. In Butlin, R. A., and Roberts, N. (eds.), Ecological Relations in Historical Times, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, pp. 206–225.
Schubel, S. E., and Steadman, D. W. (1989). More bird bones from Polynesian archaeological sites on Henderson Island, Pitcairn group, south Pacific. Atoll Research Bulletin 325: 1–14.
Schwartz, J. H. (1973). The palaeozoology of Cyprus:Apreliminary report on recently analyzed sites. World Archaeology 5: 215–220.
Serjeantson, D. (1990). The introduction of mammals to the Outer Hebrides and the role of boats in stock management. Anthropozoologia 13: 7–18.
Simmons, A. H. (1999). Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
Singh, G., and Geissler, E. A. (1985). Late Cainozoic history of vegetation, fire, lake levels and climate, at Lake George, New South Wales, Australia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 311: 379–447.
Smith, E. A. (1991). Inujjuamiut Foraging Strategies: Evolutionary Ecology of an Arctic Hunting Economy, Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, New York.
Smith, E. A., and Wishnie, M. (2000). Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 493–524.
Smith, I., and Anderson, A. (1998). Radiocarbon dates from archaeological rat bones: The Pleasant River case. Archaeology in Oceania 33: 88–91.
Smith, K. P. (1995). Landnám: The settlement of Iceland in archaeological and historical perspective. World Archaeology 26: 318–347.
Spenneman, D. H. R. (1987). Availability of shellfish resources on prehistoricTongatapu,Tonga: Effects of human predation and changing environment. Archaeology in Oceania 22: 81–96.
Spenneman, D. H. R. (1989). Effects of human predation and changing environment on some mollusk species on Tongatapu, Tonga. In Clutton-Brock, J. (ed.), The Walking Larder, Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 326–335.
Spenneman, D. H. R. (1997). Distribution of rat species (Rattus spp.) on the atolls of the Marshall Islands: Past and present dispersal. Atoll Research Bulletin 446: 1–18.
Stafford, D. W. Jr., Semken, H. A., Jr., Graham, R. W., Klippel, W. F., Markova, A., Smirnov, N. G., and Southon, J. (1999). First accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates documenting contemporaneity of nonanalog species in late Pleistocene mammal communities. Geology 27: 903–906.
Steadman, D. W. (1985). Fossil birds from Mangaia, southern Cook Islands. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Union 105: 48–66.
Steadman, D. W. (1986). Holocene Vertebrate Fossils from Isla Floreana, Galápagos. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 413.
Steadman, D.W. (1989a). A new species of starling (Sturnidae, Aplonis) from an archaeological site on Huahine, Society Islands. Notornis 36: 161–169.
Steadman, D. W. (1989b). Extinction of birds in eastern Polynesia: A review of the record, and comparisons with other Pacific Island groups. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 177–205
Steadman, D.W. (1989c). New species and records of birds (Aves: Megapodiidae, Columbidae) from an archaeological site on Lifuka, Tonga. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 102: 537–552.
Steadman, D. W. (1993). Biogeography of Tongan birds before and after human impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90: 818–822.
Steadman, D.W. (1995). Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific Island birds: Biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science 267: 1123–1131.
Steadman, D. W. (1997a). Extinctions of Polynesian birds: Reciprocal impacts of birds and people. In Kirch, P. V., and Hunt, T. L. (eds.), Historical ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 51–79.
Steadman, D. W. (1997b). The historic biogeography and community ecology of Polynesian pigeons and doves. Journal of Biogeography 24: 737–753.
Steadman, D. W. (1999). The prehistory of vertebrates, especially birds, on Tinian, Aguiguan, and Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica 31: 319–345.
Steadman, D. W., and Kirch, P. V. (1990). Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87: 9605–9609.
Steadman, D. W., and Olson, S. L. (1985). Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an “uninhabited” island. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82: 6191–6195.
Steadman, D.W., and Rolett, B.V. (1996).Achronostratigraphic analysis of landbird extinction on Tahuata, Marquesas Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 81–94.
Steadman, D.W., Greiner, E. C., and Wood, C. S. (1990a). Absence of blood parasites in indigenous and introduced birds from the Cook Islands, South Pacific. Journal of Biogeography 4: 398–404.
Steadman, D.W., Pahlavan, D. S., and Kirch, P.V. (1990b). Extinction, biogeography, and human exploitation of birds on Tikopia and Anuta, Polynesian outliers in the Solomon islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, No. 30, pp. 118–153.
Steadman, D. W., Pregill, G. K., and Olson, S. L. (1984). Fossil vertebrates from Antigua, Lesser Antilles: Evidence for late Holocene human-caused extinctions in theWest Indies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81: 4448–4451.
Steadman, D. W., Stafford, T. W., Jr., Donahue, D. J., and Jull, A. J. T. (1991). Chronology of Holocene vertebrate extinction in the Galápagos Islands. Quaternary Research 36: 126–133.
Steensma, K., and Reese, D. (1999). Genet. In Simmons, A. H. (ed.), Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 167–169.
Stephens, D.W., and Krebs, J.R. (1986). Foraging Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Stiner, M. C., Achyuthan, H., Arsebük, G., Howell, F. C., Josephson, S. C., Juell, K. E., Pigatti, J., and Quade, J. (1998). Reconstructing cave bear paleoecology from skeletons: A cross-disciplinary study of middle Pleistocene bears from Yarimburgaz Dave, Turkey. Paleobiology 24: 74–98.
Storer, T. I. (ed.). (1962). Pacific Island rat ecology. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, No. 225.
Straus, L. G. (1982). Carnivores and cave sites in Cantabrian Spain. Journal of Anthropological Research 38: 75–96.
Stuart, A. J. (1999). Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions: A European perspective. In MacPhee, R. D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 257–269.
Swadling, P. (1986). Lapita shellfishing: Evidence from sites in the Reef/Santa Cruz group, southeast Solomons. In Anderson, A. (ed.), Traditional Fishing in the Pacific. Pacific Anthropological Records 37: 137–148.
Taylor, R. E. (1989). Ahead of the Curve: Shaping New Solutions to Environmental Problems, Environmental Defense Fund, New York.
Thomas, D.H. (1988). The Archaeology of MonitorValley: 3. Survey and Additional Excavations. American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, No. 66(2).
Tipping, R. (1996). Microscopic charcoal records, inferred human activity and climate change in the Mesolithic of northernmost Scotland. In Pollard, T., and Morrison, A. (eds.), The Early Prehistory of Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 39–61.
Towns, D. R. (1994). The role of ecological restoration in the conservation ofWhitaker's skink (Cyclodina whitakeri), a rare New Zealand lizard (Lacertilia: Scincidae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21: 457–471.
Towns, D. R. (1996). Changes in habitat use by lizards on a New Zealand island following removal of the introduced Pacific Rat Rattus exulans. Pacific Conservation Biology 2: 286–292.
Towns, D. R., and Daugherty, C. H. (1994). Patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the New Zealand herpetofauna following human colonization. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21: 325–339.
Turney, C. S. M., Bird, M. I., Fifield, L., K., Roberts, R. G., Smith, M., Dortch, C. E., Grün, R., Lawson, E., Ayliffe, L. K., Miller, G. H., Dortch, J., Cresswell, R. G. (2001). Early human occupation of Devil's Lair, southwestern Australia 50,000 years ago. Quaternary Research 55: 3–13.
Uhl, N. W., and Dransfield, J. (1999). Genera Palmarum after ten years. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 83: 245–254.
Vargas, H., and Snell, H. M. (1997). The arrival of Marek's disease to Galápagos. Noticias de Galápagos 58: 4–5.
Vickers, W. T. (1988). Game depletion hypothesis of Amazonian adaptation: Data from a native community. Science 239: 1521–1522.
Vickers, W. T. (1989). Patterns of foraging and gardening in a semi-sedentary Amazonian community. In Kent, S. (ed.), Farmers as Hunters: The Implications of Sedentism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 46–59.
Vickers, W. T. (1991). Hunting yields and game composition over ten years in an Amazonian Indian territory. In Robinson, J. G., and Redford, K. H. (eds.), Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 53–81.
Vickers, W.T. (1994). From opportunism to nascent conservation:The case of the Siona–Secoya. Human Nature 5: 307–337.
Vigne, J.-D. (1987a). L'extinction holocène du fond de peuplement mammalien indigène des îles de Méditerranée indigène occidentale. Mémoires de la SociétéGéologique de France 150: 167–177.
Vigne, J.-D. (1987b). L'origine du peuplement mammalien de la Corse: quelques réflexions biogéographiques. Bulletin de la SociétéZoologique de France 111: 165–178.
Vigne, J.-D. (1988). Les Mammifères Post-Glaciaires de Corse: Etude Archéozoologique. Gallia Préhistoire 26 (Suppl.).
Vigne, J.-D. (1990). Biogeographical history of the mammals on Corsica (and Sardinia) since the final Pleistocene. Atti dei Convegni Lincei 85: 370–392.
Vigne, J.-D. (1992). Zooarchaeology and the biogeographical history of the mammals of Corsica and Sardinia since the last ice age. Mammal Review 22: 87–96.
Vigne, J.-D. (1996). Did man provoke extinctions of endemic large mammals on the Mediterranean Islands? The view from Corsica. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9: 117–120.
Vigne, J.-D., and Marinval-Vigne, M.-C. (1990). Nouvelles données sur l'histoire des musaraignes en Corse (Insectivora, Soricidae). Vie et Milieu 40: 207–212.
Vigne, J.-D., and Valladas, H. (1996). Small mammal fossil assemblages as indicators of environmental change in northern Corsica during the last 2500 years. Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 199–215.
Walker, D., and Singh, G. (1993). Earliest palynological records of human impact on the world's vegetation. In Chambers, F.M. (ed.), Climate Change andHumanImpact on the Landscape, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 101–108.
Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. (1995). Washington state recovery plan for the pygmy rabbit, Wildlife Management Program, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington.
Watters, D. R. (1989). Archaeological implications for Lesser Antilles biogeography: The small island perspective. In Woods, C. A. (ed.), Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future, Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, pp. 153–166.
Weisler, M. I. (1994). The settlement of marginal Polynesia: New evidence from Henderson Island. Journal of Field Archaeology 21: 83–102.
Wickler, S. (1990). Prehistoric Melanesian exchange and interaction: Recent evidence from the northern Solomon Islands. Asian Perspectives 29: 135–154.
Wilmshurst, J. M. (1997). The impact of human settlement on vegetation and soil stability in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 97–111.
Wilmshurst, J. M., Eden, D. N., and Froggatt, P. C. (1999). Late Holocene forest disturbance in Gisborne, New Zealand: A comparison of terrestrial and marine pollen records. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 523–540.
Wilmshurst, J. M., McGlone, M. S., and Partridge, T. R. (1997). A late Holocene history of natural disturbance in lowland podocarp/hardwood forest, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 79–96.
Wilson, D. E., and Cole, F. R. (2000). Common Names of Mammals of the World, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds.). (1993). Mammal Species of the World, 2nd edn., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Wing, E. S. (1993). The realm between wild and domestic. In Clason, A., Payne, S., and Uerpmann, H.-P. (eds.), Skeletons in her Cupboard: Festschrift for Juliet Clutton-Brock, pp. 243–250, Oxbow Monograph, No. 34. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Wing, E. S., Hoffman, C. A., and Ray, C. E. (1968). Vertebrate remains from Indian sites on Antigua, West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Sciences 8: 123–139.
Winter, J. W. (1983). Grey cuscus Phalanger orientalis. In Strahan, R. (ed.), The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals, Angus and Robertson, Melbourne, pp. 156–157.
Winterhalder, B., and Lu, F. (1997). A forager-resource population ecology model and implications for indigenous conservation. Conservation Biology 11: 1354–1364.
Winterhalder, B., Baillargeon, W., Cappelletto, F., Daniel, I. R., Jr., and Prescott, C. (1988). The population ecology of hunter–gatherers and their prey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7: 289–328.
Woods, C. A. (1998). The biogeography of West Indies rodents. In Woods, C. A. (ed.), Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future, Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, pp. 741–798.
Woods, C.A. (1990). The fossil and recent land mammals of theWest Indies: An analysis of the origin, evolution, and extinction of an insular fauna. Atti dei Convegni Lincei 85: 641–680.
Woods, C. A., and Eisenberg, J. F. (1989). The land mammals of Madagascar and the Greater Antilles: Comparison and analysis. In Woods, C.A. (ed.), Biogeography of theWest Indies: Past, Present, and Future, Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, pp. 799–826.
Worthy, T. H. (1999).What was on the Menu? Avian extinction in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 19: 126–160.
Wragg, G. M., and Weisler, M. I. (1994). Extinctions and new records of birds from Henderson Island, Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean. Notornis 41: 61–70.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grayson, D.K. The Archaeological Record of Human Impacts on Animal Populations. Journal of World Prehistory 15, 1–68 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011165119141
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011165119141