Open Access

Late Holocene Animal Use in Southern Kamchatka

Katsunori Takase, Masaki Eda, Michael A. Etnier and Alexander I. Lebedintsev

Article Figures & Data

Figures

Tables

  • Table 1.

    Results of identifications.

    Southern GroupWestern GroupEastern Group
    TaxaAndrianovkaLopatka ILopatka IILopatka IIILopatka IVLopatka VLopatka sites (mixed)Shestaya RechkaYavinoYavino 1Yavino 2Yavino 3Yavino 4Yavino 7KoshegochekSiyushk 1Siyushk 2AvachaKirpichnayaZhupanovoTotal
    BarnaclesCirripedia271111
    Sea urchinsEchinoidea11112
    ShellsGastropoda91432120
    WhelksBuccinidae6514117
    PeriwinklesLittorina11
    LimpetsNacellidae112
    File dog winkleNucella lima747283
    BuccinumsBuccinidae2211116
    Moon snailsNaticidae22
    Land snailsGastropoda (Land)22
    BivalvesBivalvia392142
    MusselsMytilidae14113331
    Horse clamTresus capax22
    CocklesCardiidae213
    VertebratesVertebrata29881102141
    Bony fishOsteichthyes1161117198225
    FloundersPleuronectidae311914
    HalibutHippoglossus stenolepis123
    CodGadus macrocephalus123022450
    SalmonSalmonidae1225863
    Wolf eelAnarrhichthys ocellatus5128
    GreenlingsHexagrammos11
    SharksLamniidae1111
    BirdsAves381653561377
    AlbatrossesPhoebastria2114
    AlcidsAlcidae22
    DucksAnatinae11114
    LoonsGavia112
    CormorantsPhalacrocorax633315
    CorvidsCorvidae145
    GullsLarus123
    Hawks/eaglesAccipitridae527
    MammalsMammalia2819218613461502219269
    Land mammalsMammalia (land)1923116
    HaresLepus11
    CaribouRangifer tarandus6944221311811121164
    HorseEquus caballus112
    CarnivoresCarnivore5611111126
    CanidsCanidae3137
    FoxesVulpes2211111128
    DogCanis lupus familiaris213
    Brown bearUrsus arctos334711341357
    Sea mammalsMammalia (marine)352031452111385
    PinnipedsPinnipedia10——1112
    OtariidsOtariidae221218
    Steller sea lionEumetopias jubatus6122151835
    Northern fur sealCallorhinus ursinus103131220
    PhocidsPhocidae17016154819255271
    Common sealPhoca vitulina51111110
    Ringed sealPusa hispida11112
    Bearded sealErignathus barbatus11
    Sea otterEnhydra lutris161921653
    WalrusOdobenus rosmarus2114
    WhalesCetacea5625121397
    DolphinsPhocoenidae1124
    Steller’s sea cowHydrodamalis gigas11
    Total6043475180111921471558311043933926561965
  • Table 2.

    Fish bones from the southern and western groups.

    Southern GroupWestern Group
    Bony fishFloundersCodSalmonWolf eelGreenlingsHalibutSharksTotalBony fishFloundersCodSalmonTotal
    Cranium1122
    Frontal22
    Maxilla22
    Vomer11
    Dentary369
    Angular112
    Basioccipital11
    Ceratohyal11
    Cleithrum6622
    Cleithrum?11
    Post cleithrum11
    Hyomandibula11
    Opercle112
    Parasphenoid1111
    Quadrate11
    Haemal spine33
    Basypterygium33
    Otolith11
    Vertebra2126521147897355154
    Indet.17118112112
    Total204465813119820510458277
  • Table 3.

    Bird bones from the southern, western, and eastern groups.

    Southern GroupWestern GroupEastern Group
    BirdsAlbatrossesAlcidsCormorantsCorvidsDucksGullsHawks /eaglesTotalBirdsCorvidsLoonsDucksTotalBirdsAlbatrossesTotal
    Cranium2114
    Mandible314
    Maxilla112
    Axis11
    Cervical vertebra4411
    Thoracic vertebra22
    Sacral vertebra11
    Coracoid11
    Furculum12311
    Humerus11226213
    Humerus?11
    Scapula123
    Radius321611211
    Sternum1113
    Pelvis1113
    Femur11
    Tibia11
    Ulna111311211
    Ulna?11
    Tibiotarsus11
    Tarsometatarsus11
    Rib11
    Carpometacarpus3141111
    Phalanx213
    Indet.3232121222
    Total5922151237911542223325
  • Table 4.

    Mammal bones from the southern group.

    MammalsLand MammalsCaribouCarnivoresCanidsFoxesBrown BearSea MammalsPinnipedsOtariidsSteller Sea LionFur SealPhocidsCommon SealRinged SealBearded SealSea otterWalrusWhalesDolphinsSteller’s Sea CowTotal
    Antler125125
    Cranium315313117
    Frontal22
    Frontal+nasal11
    Cranium+occipital11
    Occipital167
    Maxilla12126
    Maxilla/mandible?11
    Maxilla+molar11
    Premaxilla—maxilla112
    Zygomatic11
    Canine52511633540
    Upper canine4318
    Lower canine188211122
    Post canine154414
    Molar314
    Upper molar156
    Lower molar246
    Premolar44
    Upper premolar55
    Lower premolar11
    Tooth75113
    Tooth/tusk?22
    Tusk22
    Incisor12328
    Bulla13132
    Bulla?11
    Mandible2511632626
    Mandible?22
    Atlas118111
    Axis44
    Hyoid11
    Cervical Vertebra11213
    7th cervical or 1st thoracic vertebra112
    Thoracic vertebra2420127
    Thoracic vertebra disk11
    Lumbar vertebra16117
    Caudal vertebra121318
    Vertebra53715
    Vertebra disk213
    Scapula211111420
    Humerus121114221
    Ulna134
    Radius1215211
    Metacarpal11
    Sternum33
    Sternum+manubrium11
    Sacral vertebra112
    Sternebra224
    Pelvis1818
    Ischium/pubis77
    Femur11615225
    Tibia112101116
    Metatarsal718
    Rib21822111331548
    Rib?112
    Rib/fibula?11
    Baculum123
    Scaphlolunar11
    Phalanx24114113
    Astragalus1010
    Calcaneus22
    Indet.471151164174
    Total5812130233254963107261725981115329721857
  • Table 5.

    Mammal bones from the western group.

    MammalsLand MammalsCaribouHorseCarnivoresCanidsFoxesDogBrown BearSea MammalsPinnipedsOtariidsSteller ’s Sea LionNorthern Fur SealPhocidsCommon SealWalrusDolphinsTotal
    Antler77
    Cranium112
    Maxilla11
    Maxilla/mandible?112
    Canine112
    Upper canine112
    Lower canine22
    Post canine11
    Premolar11
    Tooth123
    Tusk11
    Bulla22
    Mandible11125
    Atlas11
    Axis112
    Cervical vertebra11
    Thoracic vertebra112
    Lumber vertebra11
    Vertebra disk112
    Scapula11
    Humerus1124
    Ulna11
    Radius11
    Metacarpal33
    Femur11
    Tibia123
    Tibia?22
    Metatarsal213
    Patella11
    Rib112
    Hamate11
    Scaphoid11
    Phalanx11114
    Astragalus112
    Indet.19417202
    Total1993132241388219112112272
  • Table 6.

    Mammal bones from the eastern group.

    MammalsLand MammalsHaresCarnivoresFoxesCaribouSea MammalsNorthern Fur SealCommon SealRinged SealWalrusTotal
    Antler2121
    Tooth11
    Tusk11
    Mandible1113
    Axis11
    Scapula11
    Humerus11
    Sternum11
    Sternum+xiphoid11
    Rib33
    Baculum11
    Phalanx11
    Indeter.1011021
    Total1211122114211157
  • Table 7.

    Results of radiocarbon dating.

    Specimen IDSite ProvenanceSite groupSpecimenPretreatmentδ13C (‰) (AMS)Conventional 14C Age (yr BP)Collagen recovery (%)Carbon recovery (%)Lab # (IAAA-)
    2014R-2Andrianovka HearthSouthernCharcoalAAA−29.7 ± 0.25   330 ± 20170071
    2014R-4Lopatka I Pit houseSouthernCharcoalAAA−26.0 ± 0.281,560 ± 20170072
    2014R-8Zhupanovo 1st cultural layerEasternCharcoalAAA−28.7 ± 0.21   320 ± 20170073
    2014R-13Yavino 5 25cm BSWesternCharcoalAAA−28.0 ± 0.19   940 ± 20170074
    2014R-14Shestaya Rechka 30-60cm BSWesternCharcoalAAA−23.3 ± 0.28   950 ± 20170075
    23Lopatka ISouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−20.4 ± 0.29   620 ± 2014.945.0170077
    31Cape LopatkaSouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−21.3 ± 0.27   210 ± 2018.645.0170078
    443AndriaovkaSouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−20.9 ± 0.23   300 ± 20  8.446.0170079
    495AndriaovkaSouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−17.9 ± 0.27   380 ± 2017.445.0170080
    496AndriaovkaSouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−21.6 ± 0.22   260 ± 2020.046.0170081
    508AndriaovkaSouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−21.8 ± 0.23   290 ± 2018.245.0170082
    513Lopatka ISouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−19.6 ± 0.3   160 ± 20  7.044.0170083
    514Lopatka ISouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−23.3 ± 0.251,550 ± 20  9.545.0170084
    515AndriaovkaSouthernCaribou antlerCoEx−17.9 ± 0.27   360 ± 2015.845.0170085
    629Siyushk 1WesternCaribou scaplaCoEx−20.5 ± 0.27   370 ± 20  4.342.0170086
    679ZhupanovoEasternCaribou antlerCoEx−22.3 ± 0.261,480 ± 2018.745.0170087
    • AAA: The Acid-Alkali-Acid pretreatment process to eliminate carbonates and secondary organic acids. CoEx: Collagen extraction from the bone/tooth sample.

  • Table 8.

    Results of observations for bone modification.

    Pointed WeaponPointed Weapon (Unfinished)Bone ArrowheadBone Arrowhead (Unfinished)Harpoon HeadHarpoon Head (Unfinished)Harpoon Preform ?ForeshaftForeshaft (Unfinished)Spear HeadFishhookFishhook ShankBone AdzeBone Adze (Unfinished)Adze SocketBone KnifeBone StickBow NockWedgeCombNeedleNeedle CaseHandle of Iron KnifeToggleOrnamentPendantUnknown Bone ProductProcessedProcessed ?Bone ChipTotal
    VertebratesIndet.2147
    BirdsHumerus11
    Humerus?11
    Radius33
    Ulna112
    Ulna?11
    Indet.8111121
    AlbatrossesHumerus11
    Radius11
    Carpometacarpus11
    CormorantsRadius11
    GullsUlna11
    Hawks/eaglesHumerus11
    Radius11
    MammalsScapula11
    Tibia11
    Tooth/tusk?112
    Indet.1651111166130
    Land mammalsIndet.325
    Brown bearFemur33
    Tibia11
    Ulna11
    CanidsCanine11
    CaribouAntler151811221163121138731131
    Cranium11
    Scapula11
    Femur11
    Tibia11
    Sea mammalsRib347
    Rib?11
    Rib/fibula?11
    Indet.3142312111110124257
    OtariidsUpper canine11
    Scapula11
    Rib33
    Fur sealSternabura, xiphoid11
    Sternum+manubrium11
    PhocidsScapula22
    Rib11
    WalrusTusk11
    WhalesMaxilla/mandible?11
    Mandible?11
    Caudal vertebrae11
    Radius11
    Vertebra33
    Rib111214
    Rib?11
    Phalanx11
    Indet.11114341153
    Total5129113415131251116132421313135205125376