Alutiiq Ancestors’ Use of Birds During the Ocean Bay Period at Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363), Kodiak Island, Alaska

References Cited

1. ↵
   1. Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG)

   2020 Bird Viewing: Top Ten Birding Hot Spots. https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=birdviewing.hotspots.
2. Alutiiq Museum Archaeological Repository n.d. Alutiiq Word of the Week Archive: Animals. https://alutiiqmuseum.org/word-of-the-week-archive/185-animals?site=8.
3. ↵
   1. Avibase

   2020 The World Bird Database: Kodiak Island. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=USakko&list=howardmoore.
4. ↵
   1. Bartosiewicz, Laszlo, and
   2. Erika Gal

   2007 Sample Size and Taxonomic Richness in Mammalian and Avian Bone Assemblages from Archaeological Sites. Archeometriai Mühely 2007/1:37–44.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Bedetti, Claudia, and
   2. Marco Pavia

   2007 Reinterpretation of the Late Pleistocene In-garano Cave Deposit Based on the Fossil Bird Associations (Apulia, Southeastern Italy). Rivi-sita Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 113 (3):487–507.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Berns, Vernon D.

   1979 Golden Eagle Nest on Kodiak Island, Alaska. The Condor 81(2):218. https://doi.org/10.2307/1367300.

   OpenUrl
7. 1. BirdLife International

   2012 Somateria spectabilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22680409A40146039. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22680409A40146039.en.
8. 2018a Somateria mollissima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680405A132525971. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680405A132525971.en.
9. 2018b Polysticta stelleri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680415A132527232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680415A132527232.en.
10. ↵
    1. Black, Lydia T.

    1977 The Konyag (The Inhabitants of the Island of Kodiak) by Iosaf [Bolotov] (1794–1799) and by Gideon (1804–1807). Arctic Anthropology 14 (2):79–108.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Bovy, Kristine M.

    2005 Effects of Human Hunting, Climate Change, and Tectonic Events on Waterbirds along the Pacific Northwest Coast during the Late Holocene. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle.
12. ↵
    1. Bovy, Kristine M.,
    2. Madonna L. Moss,
    3. Jessica E. Watson,
    4. Frances J. White,
    5. Timothy T. Jones,
    6. Heather A. Ulrich, and
    7. Julia K. Parrish

    2019 Evaluating Native American Bird Use and Bird Assemblage Variability along the Oregon Coast. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 14:301–336. DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2018.1457105.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. ↵
    1. Bowman, Timothy D.,
    2. Emily D. Silverman,
    3. Scott G. Gilliland, and
    4. Jeffery B. Leirness

    2015 Status and Trends of North American Sea Ducks: Reinforcing the Need for Better Monitoring. In Ecology and Conservation of North American Sea Ducks. Studies in Avian Biology (no. 46), Jean-Pierre L. Savard, Dirk V. Derksen, Dan Esler, and John M. Eadie, eds. Pp. 1–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
14. 1. Bronk Ramsey, Christopher

    2009 Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates. Radiocarbon 51(1):337–360.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. ↵
    1. Broughton, Jack A.

    2004 Prehistoric Human Impacts on California Birds: Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound Avifauna. Ornithological Monographs no. 56. Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’Union.
16. ↵
    1. Butler, Virginia L.,
    2. Sarah K. Campbell,
    3. Kristine M. Bovy, and
    4. Michael A. Etnier

    2019 Exploring Ecodynamics of Coastal Foragers Using Integrated Faunal Records from ČïxwicƏn Village (Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, U.S. A.). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23:1143–1167.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Casperson, Molly R.

    2009 Bird Remains from the Lower Midden (67004900 cal BP) of the Mink Island Site (49-XMK-030), Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Master’s paper, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
18. 2012 The Importance of Birds in Ocean Bay Subsistence: Results from the Mink Island Site, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 49(1):18–34.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
19. 2017 Walrus, Seal, and Seabird Faunal Remains from Summit Island in Bristol Bay, Alaska: The Subsistence Practices of Norton Peoples in an Island Environment (2740–980 cal B.P.) Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
20. ↵
    1. Chesser, R. T.,
    2. S. M. Billerman,
    3. K. J. Burns,
    4. C. Cicero,
    5. J. L. Dunn,
    6. A. W. Kratter,
    7. I. J. Lovette,
    8. N. A. Mason,
    9. P. C. Rasmussen,
    10. J. V. Remsen, Jr.,
    11. D. F. Stotz, and
    12. K. Winker

    2020 Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. http://checklist.aou.org/taxa.
21. ↵
    1. Clementz, Mark T.,
    2. Kena Fox-Dobbs,
    3. Patrick V. Wheatley,
    4. Paul L. Koch, and
    5. Daniel F. Doak

    2009 Revisiting Old Bones: Coupled Carbon Isotope Analysis of Bioapatite and Collagen as an Ecological and Palaeoecological Tool. Geological Journal 44:605–620.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
22. ↵
    1. Codron, Daryl,
    2. Marcus Clauss,
    3. Jacqueline Codron, and
    4. Thomas Tütken

    2018 Within Trophic Level Shifts in Collagen-Carbonate Stable Carbon Isotope Spacing Are Propagated by Diet and Digestive Physiology in Large Mammal Herbivores. Ecology and Evolution 8:3983–3995.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Cohen, Alan, and
    2. Dale Serjeantson

    1996 Manual for the Identification of Bird Bones from Archaeological Sites. London: Archetype Publications.
24. ↵
    1. Corbett, Debra

    2016 Saĝdaĝ—To Catch Birds. Arctic Anthropology 53(2):93–113.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
25. ↵
    1. Corcoran, Robin M.

    2013 Seabird Colony Report, Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska 1975–2011. Unpublished Refuge Report 02-13. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.
26. 2016 Nearshore Marine Bird and Mammal Surveys in the Kodiak Archipelago, 2011–2013. Refuge Report 2016-1, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
27. 2018 Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge Marine Bird Survey Identification and Ageing Guide. Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
28. ↵
    1. Corcoran, Robin,
    2. William W. Larned, and
    3. Paul D. Anderson

    2010 Distribution and Abundance of Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska. Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
29. ↵
    1. Crowley, Brooke E., and
    2. Patrick V. Wheatley

    2014 To Bleach or Not to Bleach? Comparing Treatment Methods for Isolating Biogenic Carbonate. Chemical Geology 381:234–242.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
30. ↵
    1. Davydov, Gavrill I.

    1977 Two Voyages to Russian America, 1802–1807. Colin Bearne, trans., Richard A. Pierce, ed. Kingston: Limestone Press.
31. ↵
    1. Dick, Matthew

    1977 Notes on the Winter Seabirds of Chiniak Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska. In Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Annual Reports of Principal Investigators for the year ending March 1979. Volume II: Receptors— Birds. Pp. 492–516. Boulder: Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, October 1979.

    OpenUrl
32. 1. Dickinson, Edward C., and
    2. James Ramsen V. Jr.

    (eds.) 2013 The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th Edition, vol.1 Non-Passerines. Eastbourne: Aves Press.
33. ↵
    1. Elphick, Chris,
    2. John B. Dunning, Jr., and
    3. David Allen Sibley

    2001 The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior. National Audubon Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
34. ↵
    1. Fienup-Riordan, Ann

    2007 Yuungnaqpiallerput/The Way We Genuinely Live: Masterworks of Yup’ik Science and Survival. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
35. ↵
    1. Fitzhugh, Ben

    2002 Residential and Logistical Strategies in the Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers on the Kodiak Archipelago. In Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems. Ben Fitzhugh and Junko Habu, eds. Pp. 257–304. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
36. 2003 The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
37. ↵
    1. Forsell, Douglas J., and
    2. Patrick J. Gould

    1981 Distribution and Abundance of Marine Birds and Mammals Wintering in the Kodiak Area of Alaska. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, FWS/OBS-81/13.
38. ↵
    1. Funk, Caroline

    2018 Ethno-Ornithology in the Rat Islands: Prehistoric Aleut Relationships with Birds in the Western Aleutians, Alaska. Journal of Anthropological Anthropology 51:144–58.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Garvie-Lok, Sandra J.,
    2. Tamara L. Varney, and
    3. M. Anne Katzenberg

    2004 Preparation of Bone Carbonate for Stable Isotope Analysis: The Effects of Treatment Time and Acid Concentration. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:763–776.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Gelvin-Reymiller, Carol, and
    2. Joshua Reuther

    2010 Birds, Needles, and Iron: Late Holocene Prehistoric Alaskan Grooving Techniques. Alaska Journal of Anthropology 8(1):1–22.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Gilbert, B. Miles,
    2. Howard G. Savage, and
    3. Larry D. Martin

    1996 Avian Osteology. Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society.
42. ↵
    1. Gorlova, Ekaterina N.,
    2. Olga A. Krylovich,
    3. Alexei V. Tiunov,
    4. Bulat F. Khasanov,
    5. Dmitry D. Vasyukov, and
    6. Arkady B. Savinetsky

    2015 Stable Isotope Analysis as a Method of Taxonomical Identification of Archaeozoological Material. Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 43(1):110–121.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Gould, Patrick J.,
    2. Douglas J. Forsell, and
    3. Calvin J. Lensink

    1982 Pelagic Distribution and Abundance of Seabirds in the Gulf of Alaska and Eastern Bering Sea. Anchorage: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Section, National Fishery Research Center.
44. ↵
    1. Goudie, R. Ian,
    2. Gregory J. Robertson, and
    3. Austin Reed

    2020 Common Eider (Somateria mollissima). In Birds of the World. S. M. Billerman, ed. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/comeid/cur/introduction.
45. ↵
    1. Grayson, Donald K.

    1984 Quantitative Zooarchaeology. Orlando: Academic Press.
46. ↵
    1. Haugen, Scott

    2018 Quest for an Emperor. Wildfowl Magazine. April/May 2018:43–47.

    OpenUrl
47. ↵
    1. Hausler-Knecht, Philomena

    1988 Proposal to Conduct Archaeological Excavations on Privately Owned Property in the Vicinity of Isthmus Bay, Chiniak, Alaska. Kodiak: Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository.
48. 1990 Proposal to Conduct a Third Season of Excavations at the Rice Ridge Site, May, 1990. Kodiak: Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository.
49. 1. n.d.a Early Prehistory of the Kodiak Archipelago

    . Paper presented at the NSF-JSPS Seminar on the Origins, Development, and Spread of North Pacific-Bering Sea Maritime Cultures, Honolulu. June 2–8, 1993.
50. 1. n.d.b An Expanded View of the Ocean Bay Period: Preliminary Findings from the KOD-363 Site

    . Paper presented at the 18th annual meeting of the Alaska Anthropological Association, Anchorage. March 21–23, 1991.
51. ↵
    1. Hensel, Chase, and
    2. Phyllis Morrow

    1998 Co-Management and Co-Optation: Alaska Native Participation in Regulatory Processes. Cultural Survival Quarterly 22(3):69–71.

    OpenUrl
52. ↵
    1. Hill, Erica

    2019 Humans, Birds and Burial Practices at Ipiutak, Alaska: Perspectivism in the Western Arctic. Environmental Archaeology 24(4):434–448. DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2018.1460031.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
53. ↵
    1. Holmberg, Heinrich J.

    1856 Ethnographische Skizzen uber die Volker des Russischen Amerika. Helsinki: Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 4:281–421.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Hrdlička, Ales

    1944 The Anthropology of Kodiak Island. Philadelphia: The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology.
55. ↵
    1. Hupp, Jerry W.,
    2. Joel A. Schmutz, and
    3. Craig R. Ely

    2008 The Annual Migration Cycle of Emperor Geese in Western Alaska. Arctic 61(1):23–34.

    OpenUrl
56. 1. Idaho Virtual Museum 2020 Birds

    . https://virtual.imnh.iri.isu.edu/Osteo/Birds/12.
57. ↵
    1. Keim, Frank J.

    2010 Yupik Bird Book, Alaska Native Knowledge Network, http://ankn.uaf.edu/Resources/mod/glossary/view.php?id=23&mode=&hook=ALL&sortkey=&sortorder=&fullsearch=0&page=-1.
58. ↵
    1. Kelly, Jeffrey F.

    2000 Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Nitrogen in the Study of Avian and Mammalian Trophic Ecology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1–27.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
59. ↵
    1. Kopperl, Robert E.

    2003 Cultural Complexity and Resource Intensification on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
60. 2012 Chronology of the Ocean Bay Tradition on Kodiak Island, Alaska: Stratigraphic and Radiocarbon Analysis of the Rice Ridge Site (KOD-363). Alaska Journal of Anthropology 10(1–2):17–35.

    OpenUrl
61. ↵
    1. Kost, Catrin, and
    2. Shumon T. Hussain

    2019 Archaeo-Ornithology: Towards an Archaeology of Human-Bird Interfaces, Environmental Archaeology 24(4):337–358. DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2019.1590984.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
62. ↵
    1. Knecht, Richard A.

    1995 The Late Prehistory of the Alutiiq People: Culture Change on the Kodiak Archipelago from 1200–1750 AD. Ph.D. dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, PA.
63. ↵
    1. Krebs, Charles J.

    1989 Ecological Methodology. New York: Harper and Row.
64. ↵
    1. Krylovich, Olga A.,
    2. Dmitry D. Vasyukov,
    3. Bulat F. Khasanov,
    4. Virginia Hatfield,
    5. Dixie West, and
    6. Arkady A. Savinetsky

    2019 Hunter-Gatherers Subsistence and Impact on Fauna in the Islands of Four Mountains, Eastern Aleutians, Alaska, over 3000 Yr. Quaternary Research 91(3):983–1002.

    OpenUrl
65. ↵
    1. Larned, William W., and
    2. Denny Zwiefelhofer

    2001 Distribution and Abundance of Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska, Jan.–Feb. 2001. Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
66. ↵
    1. Li, Zhiheng,
    2. Zhonghe Zhou,
    3. Tao Deng,
    4. Qiang Li, and
    5. Julia A. Clarke

    2014 A Falconid from the Late Miocene of Northwestern China Yields further Evidence of Transition in Late Neogene Steppe Communities. The Auk 131(3):335–350.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
67. ↵
    1. Lupo, Karen D.

    2007 Evolutionary Foraging Models in Zooarchaeological Analysis: Recent Applications and Future Challenges. Journal of Archaeological Research 15(2):143–189.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
68. ↵
    1. MacIntosh, Richard

    2009 Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and the Kodiak Archipelago: Birds. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. www.fws.gov/Zone_2/Kodiak/pdf/knwr_bird_broc_2009.pdf.
69. 1. Manley, Bryan F. J.

    2007 Incidental Take and Interactions of Marine Mammals and Birds in the Kodiak Island Salmon Set Gillnet Fishery, 2002 and 2005. Final report to NMFS, Alaska Region. Western Eco-Systems Technology Inc., Cheyenne, WY. https://alaskafisheries.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/kodiakreport02_05.pdf.
70. ↵
    1. Margaris, Amy V.,
    2. Mark A. Rusk,
    3. Patrick G. Saltonstall, and
    4. Molly Odell

    2015 Cod Fishing in Russian America: The Archaeology of a 19th Century Alutiiq Work Camp on Alaska’s Kodiak Island. Arctic Anthropology 52(1):102–126.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
71. ↵
    1. Newsome, Seth D.,
    2. Mark T. Clementz, and
    3. Paul L. Koch

    2010 Using Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry to Study Marine Mammal Ecology. Marine Mammal Science 26:509–572.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
72. ↵
    1. Nysewander, David, and
    2. Eric Hoberg

    1978 The Breeding Biology of Marine Birds associated with Chiniak Bay, Kodiak Island, 1977. Anchorage: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
73. ↵
    1. O’Connell, Tamsin C., and
    2. Robert E. M. Hedges

    2017 Chicken and Egg: Testing the Carbon Isotopic Effects of Carnivory and Herbivory. Archaeometry 59:302–315.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
74. ↵
    1. Odell, Molly,
    2. Patrick Saltonstall,
    3. Nicolas Quesada, and
    4. Catherine West

    2019 Qik’rtangcuk: A Kachemak Fish Camp. Kodiak: Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository and Boston University. https://alutiiqmuseum.org/research/archeology/little-island.
75. ↵
    1. Paige, Amy, and
    2. Robert Wolfe

    (compilers) 1997 The Subsistence Harvest of Migratory Birds in Alaska—Compendium and 1995 Update. Juneau: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Technical Paper No. 228.
76. 1. Partlow, Megan A., and
    2. Robert E. Kopperl

    2011 Processing the Patterns: Elusive Archaeofaunal Signatures of Cod Storage on the North Pacific Coast. In The Archaeology of North Pacific Fisheries, Madonna L. Moss and Aubrey Cannon, eds. Pp. 195–218. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
77. ↵
    1. Paterek, Josephine

    1994 Encyclopedia of American Indian Costume. Denver: ABC-CLIO.
78. ↵
    1. Petroff, Ivan

    1884 Report on the Populations, Industries and Resources of Alaska. 10th Census: 1880. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
79. ↵
    1. Post, Lee

    2005 The Bird Building Book: A Manual for Preparing Bird Skeletons with Bone Identification Guide, vol. 5. Homer: Bone Building Books.
80. ↵
    1. Pratt, Kenneth L.

    1990 Economic and Social Aspects of Nunivak Eskimo “Cliff-Hanging.” Arctic Anthropology 27 (1):75–86.

    OpenUrl
81. ↵
    1. Russell, Priscilla N., and
    2. George C. West

    2003 Bird Traditions of the Lime Village Area Dena’ina: Upper Stony River Ethno-Ornithology. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Knowledge Network, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
82. 1. Schaaf, Jeanne M.

    2007 A Report of Radiocarbon Dates and Occupation Surfaces from the Mink Island Site, 7,600-4,100 BP, Alaska Peninsula. Poster presented at the Society for American Archaeology 72nd Annual Meeting, Austin, TX, April 25–29, 2007.
83. 2009 Mink Island, Amalik Bay. In Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 4 West Coast and Arctic/Subarctic, Francis P. McManamon, Linda S. Cordell, Kent G. Lightfoot, and George R. Milner, eds. Pp. 294–300. Westport: Greenwood Press.

    OpenUrl
84. ↵
    1. Sealy, Judith,
    2. Malia Johnson,
    3. Michael Richards, and
    4. Olaf Nehlich

    2014 Comparison of Two Methods of Extracting Bone Collagen for Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis: Comparing Whole Bone Demineralization with Gelatinization and Ultrafiltration. Journal of Archaeological Science 47:64–69.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
85. ↵
    1. Shannon, Amy K.

    2021 The Use of Birds during the Ocean Bay Period at Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363), Alaska. Undergraduate Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
86. ↵
    1. Sibley, David Allen

    2003 The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Western North America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
87. ↵
    1. Stanek, Ronald T.

    1985 Patterns of Wild Resource Use in English Bay and Port Graham, Alaska. Technical Paper No. 104. Anchorage: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence.
88. ↵
    1. Steffian, Amy F.

    2001 Cumilalhet—“Our Ancestors.” In Looking Both Ways: Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People. Aron L. Crowell, Amy F. Steffian, and Gordon L. Pullar, eds. Pp. 99–135. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
89. ↵
    1. Stiner, Mary C., and
    2. Steven L. Kuhn

    2016 Are We Missing the ‘‘Sweet Spot” between Optimality Theory and Niche Construction Theory in Archaeology? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 44:177–184.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
90. ↵
    1. Tieszen, Larry L., and
    2. Tim Fagre

    1993 Effect of Diet Quality and Composition on the Isotopic Composition of Respiratory CO₂, Bone Collagen, Bioapatite, and Soft Tissues. In Molecular Archaeology of Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level. Joseph B. Lambert and Gisella Grupe, eds. Pp. 121–155. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
91. ↵
    1. Tieszen, Larry L.,
    2. Thomas W. Boutton,
    3. K. G. Tesdahl, and
    4. Norman A. Slade

    1983 Fractionation and Turnover of Stable Carbon Isotopes in Animal Tissues: Implications for δ¹³C Analysis of Diet. Oecologia 57:32–37.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
92. ↵
    1. Trail, Pepper W.

    2017 Identifying Bald versus Golden Eagle Bones: A Primer for Wildlife Biologists and Law Enforcement Officers. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8(2):595–609; e1944-687X. doi:10.3996/042017-JFWM-035.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
93. ↵
    1. U.S. Department of Commerce

    1997 Kodiak Island and Shelikof Strait, Alaska Environmentally Sensitive Areas Map Set. www.asgdc.state.ak.us/maps/cplans/kod/PDFS/WINTER.PDF.
94. 1. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

    2010 Steller’s Eider Survey, https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Kodiak/what_we_do/science/avian_research/eider.html.
95. 2017 Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office, Short-Tailed Albatross, https://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/articles.cfm?id=149489452.
96. ↵
    1. Vaughan, Richard

    1992 In Search of Arctic Birds. San Diego: T & AD Poyser.
97. 1. Virtual Zooarchaeology of the Arctic Project (VZAP)

    2020 Virtual Zooarchaeology of the Arctic Project Reference Collection. https://boneswall.iri.isu.edu/.
98. ↵
    1. Waltho, Chris, and
    2. John Coulson

    2015 The Common Eider. London: T & AD Poyser.
99. ↵
    1. Winterhalder, Bruce, and
    2. Eric A. Smith

    2000 Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty-Five. Evolutionary Anthropology 9(2):51–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
100. ↵
     1. Wolfe, Robert J., and
     2. Amy W. Paige

     1995 The Subsistence Harvest of Black Brant, Emperor Geese, and Eider Ducks in Alaska. Juneau: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Technical Paper No. 234.
101. ↵
     1. Woolfenden, Glen E.

     1961 Postcranial Osteology of the Waterfowl. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum: Biological Sciences 6:1–129.

     OpenUrl
102. ↵
     1. Zwiefelhofer, Denny C.,
     2. Joel H. Reynolds, and
     3. Michael J. Keim

     2008 Population Trends and Annual Density Estimates for Select Wintering Seabird Species on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Kodiak: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 7 Technical Report, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.