Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Sites with Ocean Bay components in the Kodiak Island vicinity, including Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363) and Mink Island (49-XMK-030), following Kopperl (2012:18), by Molly Casperson.
- Figure 2.
Configuration of excavation units at Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363) by Robert Kopperl, used with permission.
- Figure 3.
Relationship between sample size (NISP) and the number of bird taxa (richness) at Rice Ridge.
- Figure 4.
Relative proportions of main bird taxa from Rice Ridge by time period.
- Figure 5.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of cormorant and geese bones from Rice Ridge.
- Figure 6.
% NISP of a) mammal, b) fish, and c) bird remains from Rice Ridge by stratum.
- Figure 7.
Rice Ridge birds compared to Mink Island birds (% NISP).
Tables
- Table 1
Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363) chronology for Excavation Units 2, 3, 5, 6, following Kopperl (2012).
Time Period Strata cal. BC cal. BP Duration of Occupation Local Regional Early Ocean Bay I K, J, I, H, G 5090-4780 7040-6730 ~310 years Middle Ocean Bay I F, E, D, C 3910-3770 5860-5720 ~ 140 years Late Ocean Bay II B, A 2960-2370 4910-4320 ~ 590 years Note: Kopperl (2012:26–27) reported age ranges at both 1-sigma and 2-sigma, with calibrated age-estimate curves of radiocarbon dates generated by OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey 2009).
Scientific Name Common Name Ocean Bay I Ocean Bay II Early Middle Late Total Anatidae Anatidae Ducks, geese, swans 33 33 14 80 Cygnus columbianus Tundra swan — 1 1 2 Anserini Goose 173 150 102 425 Branta bernicla Brant 1 4 7 12 Anser albifrons White-fronted goose — — 1 1 Anatinae - large Ducks - large 40 47 18 105 Anatinae - small Ducks - small 65 86 14 165 Mergini Sea duck 94 64 44 202 Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed duck — — 1 1 Somateria sp. Eider 27 23 11 61 Somateria spectabilis King eider 13 13 8 34 Somateria mollissima Common eider 79 157 34 270 Polysticta stelleri Steller’s eider 9 14 10 33 Melanitta sp. Scoter 12 30 8 50 Melanitta fusca White-winged scoter1 20 26 4 50 Bucephala sp. Goldeneye duck 2 10 — 12 Mergus sp. Merganser 5 3 — 8 Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin duck 3 6 1 10 Aythya sp. Pochard 5 6 1 12 Aythya collaris Ring-necked duck — 3 — 3 Anas sp. Dabbling duck 6 14 4 24 Phasianidae Lagopus sp. Ptarmigan 5 47 11 63 Lagopus cf. lagopus Willow ptarmigan — — 1 1 Podicipedidae Podiceps sp. Grebe 2 10 — 12 Podiceps cf. auritus Horned grebe — 3 — 3 Gaviidae Gavia sp. Loon 2 2 4 8 Gavia immer Common loon 37 53 11 101 Diomedeidae Phoebastria sp. Albatross 8 3 — 11 Procellariidae Fulmarus glacialis Northern fulmar — 2 — 2 Ardenna sp. Shearwater 2 1 — 3 Phalacrocoridae Phalacrocorax sp. Cormorant2 529 433 113 1075 Charadiiforme Shorebird — 1 — 1 Scolopacidae Sandpipers 6 4 — 10 Alcidae Uria sp. Murre 193 313 57 563 Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros auklet 1 4 1 6 Fratercula sp. Puffin 7 12 4 23 Ptychoramphus aleuticus Cassin’s auklet — 2 — 2 Aethia psittacula Parakeet auklet 1 17 — 18 Aethia cristatella Crested auklet 1 85 2 88 Brachyramphus sp. Murrelet 2 1 — 3 Cepphus columba Pigeon guillemot 3 16 4 23 Laridae 10 20 5 35 Larus sp. Gull 37 23 18 78 Rissa sp. Kittiwake 3 8 1 12 Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle 8 19 3 30 Aquila chrysaetos Golden eagle — 1 — 1 Falconidae Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon — 1 1 2 Corvidae Corvus corax Raven 3 6 1 10 Total 1447 1777 520 3744 ↵1 Following the American Ornithological Union Check-list (Chesser et al. 2020), the white-winged scoter is now M. deglandi.
↵2 Following the American Ornithological Union Check-list (Chesser et al. 2020), pelagic, red-faced, and Brant’s cormorant are in the genus Urile, and double-crested cormorant is in the genus Nannopterum.
- Table 3
Seasonality and abundance of birds identified archaeologically at Rice Ridge (49-KOD-363), following MacIntosh (2009).
Scientific Name Common Name Abundant, Common, Uncommon, Rare Nesting Spring Summer Fall Winter Cygnus columbianus Tundra swan U U U R X Anser albifrons White-fronted goose U * R — — Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed duck A R A A — Somateria spectabilis King eider C R U C — Somateria mollissima Common eider U U U U X Polysticta stelleri Steller’s eider C * U C — Melanitta fusca White-winged Scoter A C A A — Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin duck C C C C X Aythya collaris Ring-necked duck R * R R — Lagopus cf. lagopus Willow ptarmigan C C C C X Podiceps cf. auritus Horned grebe C R C C — Gavia immer Common loon C C C C X Fulmarus glacialis Northern fulmar A A A C — Phalacrocorax sp. Cormorant1 C C C C X Uria sp. Murre2 C C A A X Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros auklet R U R R X Fratercula cirrhata3 Tufted puffin A A A R X Fratercula corniculata Horned puffin C C C R X Ptychoramphus aleuticus Cassin’s auklet R U U * — Aethia psittacula Parakeet auklet R R R * X Aethia cristatella Crested auklet * * C C — Brachyramphus brevirostris Kittlitz’s murrelet R U R R X Cepphus columba Pigeon guillemot C C C C X Larus sp. Gull4 A A A A X Rissa sp. Kittiwake5 A A A U X Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle C C C C X Aquila chrysaetos Golden eagle U U U U X6 Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon R R R R X Corvus corax Raven C C C C X Notes to Table:
Spring—March–May
Summer—June–August
Fall—September–November
Winter—December–February
A—Abundant: Species is very numerous in all proper habitat; the region regularly hosts great numbers of the species; sighting likelihood excellent.
C—Common: Species occurs regularly in most proper habitat; sighting likelihood good.
U—Uncommon: Species usually present in relatively small numbers, or higher numbers unevenly distributed; sighting likelihood fair.
R—Rare: Species occurs regularly in the region but in very small numbers; sighting likelihood fair to poor.
↵* —Species has been recorded no more than a few times in a season, usually occurs singly; sighting likelihood very poor.
↵1 Cormorant—abundance figures for pelagic cormorant (P. pelagicus), the most abundant cormorant on Kodiak.
↵2 Murre—abundance figures for common murre (U. aalge), estimated to be 30x more abundant than thick-billed murre on Kodiak (Forsell and Gould 1981:19).
↵3 Archaeological puffins were identified only to genus, but seasonality information is provided for both species present on Kodiak.
↵4 Gull—abundance figures for glaucous-winged gull (L. glaucescens), the most abundant gull on Kodiak.
↵5 Kittiwake—abundance figures for black-legged kittiwake (R. tridactyla), the most abundant kittiwake on Kodiak.
↵6 A golden eagle nest on Kodiak was documented by Berns (1979), although this appears to have been a rare occurrence.
- Table 4
Ducks commonly available in the Kodiak Archipelago and categories used in archaeological identification.
Common Nesting Large Duck Small Duck Wood duck — — — — Gadwall X X — Gadwall Eurasian wigeon — — — — American wigeon X X — American wigeon Mallard X X — Mallard Eastern spot-billed duck — — — — Blue-winged teal — — — — Cinnamon teal — — — — Northern shoveler X — — Northern shoveler Northern pintail X X — Northern pintail Green-winged teal X X — Green-winged Teal Canvasback — — — — Redhead — — — — Ring-necked duck* X — — Ring-necked duck Tufted duck — — — — Greater Scaup X X — Greater scaup Lesser scaup — X — — Steller’s eider X — — Steller’s eider Spectacled eider — — — — King eider X — King eider — Common eider* X X Common eider — Harlequin duck X X — Harlequin duck Surf scoter X — — Surf scoter White-winged scoter X — White-winged scoter — Black scoter X X — Black scoter Long-tailed duck X — — Long-tailed duck Bufflehead X — — Bufflehead Common goldeneye — — — — Barrow’s goldeneye X X — Barrow’s goldeneye Smew — — — — Hooded merganser — — — — Common merganser X X Common merganser — Red-breasted merganser X X — Red-breasted merganser Note: Nesting and abundance from MacIntosh (2009) and weights from Sibley (2003). Even though “not common” because they were identified archaeologically, ring-necked and common eider are included; 1,300 g is the cut-off between large and small ducks.
- Table 5
NISP of Mammals, fish, and birds from Rice Ridge by Strata K–A (from Kopperl [2003] and this paper).
Taxon Early Middle Late Total K J I H G F E D C B A Mammals Sea otter 90 374 136 482 132 288 105 165 152 78 18 2020 Harbor seal 15 84 16 119 69 134 47 53 73 63 27 700 Steller sea lion 9 36 7 85 4 5 6 13 10 5 9 189 Brown bear 8 19 21 8 6 6 3 5 15 3 — 94 Whale — 55 — 2 1 — — — 3 — — 61 Canid — 3 — 8 2 3 2 4 8 5 2 37 Harbor porpoise 1 7 — 16 1 4 — 2 1 3 — 35 Red fox 1 1 2 3 — 3 — 3 6 — — 19 Tundra vole — 10 — 1 4 1 — — — — 16 Other — 1 1 6 — 6 2 1 2 1 1 21 Subtotal 124 590 183 730 219 450 165 246 270 158 57 3192 Fish Pacific cod 13 58 5 45 15 13 28 48 566 1689 268 2748 Salmonid — 20 — 66 345 88 35 90 110 575 551 1880 Gadid 49 45 9 209 46 79 52 50 9 123 123 794 Cottid 2 — 2 37 2 11 2 10 56 121 19 262 Flatfish 4 20 1 32 6 22 9 7 18 22 5 146 Herring — 13 3 16 — 2 9 14 9 10 2 78 Hexagrammid — — 1 37 2 9 1 — — 5 5 60 Halibut — 10 4 7 3 7 — — — 3 2 36 Other — 1 1 — — — — — — 3 — 5 Subtotal 316 1347 392 1909 857 1131 466 711 1308 2867 1089 12393 Birds Cormorant 52 260 59 123 35 141 74 83 135 98 15 1075 Ducks 34 163 39 140 37 135 59 153 188 149 23 1120 Murre 8 66 12 85 22 85 32 66 130 52 5 563 Geese 12 76 14 62 10 44 17 35 58 102 8 438 Larids 5 16 7 19 3 21 5 8 17 23 1 125 Crested auklet — 1 — — — 4 3 53 25 1 1 88 Ptarmigan — 1 — 2 2 10 8 23 6 12 — 64 Puffin 2 2 — 2 1 3 — 4 5 3 1 23 Pigeon guillemot — 1 — 1 1 4 2 6 4 4 0 23 Loon 5 17 3 12 2 20 13 11 11 11 4 109 Other 2 15 1 12 3 22 16 28 10 6 1 116 Subtotal 120 618 135 458 116 489 229 470 589 461 59 3744
