Marine Shielings in Medieval Norse Greenland

References Cited

1. ↵
   1. Albrethsen Svend Erik

   1971 Nationalmuseets Nordbo-undersøgelser 1971 (unpublished report in the archives of the National Museum of Denmark, jr.nr. 33–349). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.
2. ↵
   1. Albrethsen Svend Erik

   1982 Træk af den norrøne gårds udvikling på Grønland. In Vestnordisk byggeskikk gjennom to tusen år: Tradisjon og forandring fra romertid til det 19. Myhre årh. B., Stoklund B., Gjærder P., eds. Pp. 269–287, vol. AmS-Skrifter 7. Stavanger: Arkeologisk museum i Stavanger.
3. ↵
   1. Albrethsen Svend Erik,
   2. Arneborg Jette

   2004 Norse Ruins of the Southern Paamiut and Ivittuut Region. Volume 13. Copenhagen: SILA—The Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark and the Danish Polar Center.
4. ↵
   1. Albrethsen Svend Erik,
   2. et al.

   1990 Paamiut 1989. Registrering af kulturhistoriske anlæg i den sydlige del af Paamiut kommune samt i Ivittuut kommune. I. (unpublished report in the archives of Greenland National Museum and Archives, jr. nr. 33–163). Paamiut: Paamiut Museum.
5. ↵
   1. Albrethsen Svend Erik,
   2. Keller Christian

   1986 The Use of Saeter in Medieval Norse Farming in Greenland. Arctic Anthropology 23(1–2): 91–107.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
6. ↵
   1. Albrethsen Svend Erik,
   2. Ólafsson Guðmundur

   1998 A Viking Age Hall. In Man, Culture and Environment in Ancient Greenland: Report on a research programme. Arneborg Jette, Gulløv Hans C., eds. Pp. 19–30. Viborg: Danish Polar Center and the Danish National Museum.
7. ↵
   1. Amundsen Colin,
   2. Perdikaris Sophia,
   3. McGovern Thomas H.,
   4. Krivogorskaya Yekaterina,
   5. Brown Matthew,
   6. Smiarowski Konrad,
   7. Storm Shaye,
   8. Modugno Salena,
   9. Frik Malgorzata,
   10. Koczela Monica

   2005 Fishing Booths and Fishing Strategies in Medieval Iceland: An Archaeofauna from the of Akurvík, North-West Iceland. Environmental Archaeology 10(2):127–142.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Andersen John

   1982 Vikingeekspedition 1982. Angmassilik-Nanortalik. Midlertidig rapport (unpublished report in the archives of Greenland National Museum and Archives, jr. nr. 33–037). Lyngby: John Andersen.
9. ↵
   1. Andersen John

   2006 Grønland. På oplevelse i Kajak (2. udg.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
10. ↵
    1. Anderson Rasmus B.

    ed1906 The Flatey Book and Recently Discovered Vatican Manuscripts concerning America as Early as the Tenth Century. London: Norræna Society.
11. ↵
    1. Appelt Martin,
    2. Gulløv Hans Christian

    2009 Tunit, Norsemen, and Inuit in Thirteenth-Century Northwest Greenland - Dorset between the Devil and the Deep Sea. In The Northern World, AD 900–1400. Maschner Herbert, Mason Owen, McGhee Robert, eds. Pp. 300–320. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
12. ↵
    1. Appelt Martin,
    2. Gulløv Hans Christian,
    3. Kapel Hans

    1998 The Gateway to Greenland. Report on the Field Season 1996. In Man, Culture and Environment in Ancient Greenland. Report on a Research Programme. Arneborg Jette, Gulløv Hans C., eds. Pp. 136–153. Copenhagen: Danish National Museum/Dansk Polar Center.
13. ↵
    1. Arge Símun V.,
    2. Sveinbjarnardóttir Guðrún,
    3. Edwards Kevin J.,
    4. Buckland Paul C.

    2005 Viking and Medieval Settlement in the Faroes: People, Place and Environment. Human Ecology 33(5):597–620.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. ↵
    1. Arneborg Jette

    1998 The High Arctic “Utmark” of the Norse Greenlanders: The Norse Greenlanders’ Use of High Arctic Resources. In Outland Use in Preindustrial Europe. Andersson Hans, Ersgård Lars, Svensson Eva, eds. Pp. 156–167. Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology, Vol. 20. Lund: Institute of Archeology, Lund University.
15. ↵
    1. Arneborg Jette

    2004 Det Europæiske Landnam - Nordboerne i Grønland. In Grønlands forhistorie. Gulløv Hans C., ed. Pp. 219–278. Copenhagen: Nordisk Forlag.
16. ↵
    1. Arneborg Jette,
    2. Heinemeier Jan,
    3. Lynnerup Niels

    2008 ». . . Husk at folk lever af flere ting end bare af brød«: De norrøne grønlænderes kost. National-museets Arbejdsmark 2008:149–160.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Arneborg Jette,
    2. Lynnerup Niels,
    3. Heinemeier Jan

    2012a Human Diet and Subsistence Patterns in Norse Greenland AD c. 980–AD c. 1450: Archaeological Interpretations. Greenland Isotope Project: Diet in Norse Greenland AD 1000–AD 1450—Journal of the North Atlantic. Special Volume 3: 119–133.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Arneborg Jette,
    2. Lynnerup Niels,
    3. Heinemeier Jan

    2012b Norse Greenland Dietary Economy ca. AD 980–ca. AD 1450: Introduction. Greenland Isotope Project: Diet in Norse Greenland AD 1000–AD 1450—Journal of the North Atlantic. Special Volume 3:1–39.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Bak Ove

    1971 Eskimoruiner registreret af Ove Bak (unpublished report in the archives of the National Museum of Denmark, jr. nr. 33001_5). Sydprøven: Ove Bak.
20. ↵
    1. Bak Ove

    1972 Nordboer. Besigtigelser 1968–71. Skitser og beskrivelser (unpublished field report in the archives of the Greenland National Museum & Archives, jr. nr. 33–158). Sydprøven: Ove Bak.
21. ↵
    1. Baug Irene

    2015 Actors in Quarrying. Production and Distribution of Quernstones and Bakestones during the Viking Age and the Middle Ages. In Everyday Products in the Middle Ages. Crafts, Consumptions and the Individual in Northern Europe c. AD 800–1600. Hansen Gitte, Ashby Steven P., Baug Irene, eds. Pp. 229–250. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
22. ↵
    1. Bendixen Ole

    1929 Ekspeditionen til Cap Farvel Egnen. Geografisk Tidsskrift 32:160–179.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Berglund Joel

    1973 På den yderste nøgne Ø. SKALK 1973(4):11–12.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Berson Bruno

    2002 A Contribution to the Study of the Medieval Icelandic Farm: The Byres. Archaeologia Islandica 2:37–64.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Bjørgmose Rasmus

    1967 Stensnæs—den glemte kirke. Odense: Nordisk litteratur folag.
26. ↵
    1. Blehr Otto

    2012 Medieval Reindeer Drives at Sumtangen, Hardangervidda: Two Interpretations. Fornvännen 107(2):115–122.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Bolender Douglas J.,
    2. Steinberg John M.,
    3. Damiata Brian N.

    2011 Farmstead Relocation at the End of the Viking Age: Results of the Skagafjörður Archaeological Settlement Survey. Archaeologia Islandica 9:77–101.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Born Erik W.,
    2. Böcher Jens

    2001 The Ecology of Greenland. Eiby-Jacobsen D., translator. Nuuk: Greenland Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
29. ↵
    1. Born Erik W.,
    2. Heide-Jørgensen Mads P.,
    3. Davis Rolph A.

    1994 The Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in West Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 40:1–33.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Brodbeck Jakob

    1882 Nach Osten: Untersuchungsfahrt nach der Ostküste Grönlands vom 2. bis 12. August 1881. Niesky: Missionsdepartement der Brüdergemeine.
31. ↵
    1. Bruun Daniel

    1895 Arkæologiske Undersøgelser i Julianehaabs Distrikt. Meddelelser om Grønland 16:173–461.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Bruun Daniel

    1897 Fortidsminder og Nutidshjem paa Island. Orienterende undersøgelser foretagne i 1896. Volume Nordboernes Kulturliv i Fortid og Nutid. I. Island. Copenhagen: Nordisk Forlag.
33. ↵
    1. Bruun Daniel

    1918 Oversigt over Nordboruiner i Godthaabog Frederikshaab-Distrikter. Meddelelser om Grønland LVI:57–147.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Bruun Daniel

    1928a Fortidsminder og Nutidshjem paa Island. Copenhagen: Nordisk Forlag.
35. ↵
    1. Bruun Daniel

    1928b Old Norse Farms in the Eastern and Western Settlements. In Greenland, Volume II: The Past and Present Population of Greenland. Vahl Martin, ed. Pp. 363–415. Copenhagen-London: Commission for the Direction of the Geological and Geographical Investigations in Greenland.
36. ↵
    1. Bugge Alexander

    1914 Norges Kongesagaer—1914-utgaven. Kristiania: I. M. Stenersens Forlag.
37. ↵
    1. Byock Jesse

    2002 The Icelandic Althing: Dawn of Parliamentary Democracy. In Heritage and Identity: Shaping the Nations of the North. Fladmark J. Magnus, ed. Pp. 1–18. Donhead St. Mary, Shaftesbury: The Heyerdahl Institute and Robert Gordon University.
38. ↵
    1. Carrer Francesco,
    2. Colonese André Carlo,
    3. Lucquin Alexandre,
    4. Guedes Eduardo Petersen,
    5. Thompson Anu,
    6. Walsh Kevin,
    7. Reitmaier Thomas,
    8. Craig Oliver E.

    2016 Chemical Analysis of Pottery Demonstrates Prehistoric Origin for High-Altitude Alpine Dairying. PLoS ONE 11(4):e0151442.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Cheape Hugh

    1996 Shielings in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland: Prehistory to the Present. Folk Life 35(1):7–24.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Church M. J.,
    2. Dugmore A. J.,
    3. Mairs K. A.,
    4. Millard A. R.,
    5. Cook G. T.,
    6. Sveinbjarnardttir G.,
    7. Ascough P. A.,
    8. Roucoux K. H.

    2016 Charcoal Production During the Norse and Early Medieval Periods in Eyjafjallahreppur, Southern Iceland. Radiocarbon 49(2):659–672.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Clemmensen Mogens

    1911 Kirkeruiner fra Nordbotiden i Julianehaab Distrikt. Meddelelser om Grønland 47:283–358.

    OpenUrl
42. ↵
    1. Dietz Rune,
    2. Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter,
    3. Born Erik W.,
    4. Glahder Christian M.

    1994 Occurence of Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and White Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in East Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 39:69–86.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Dugmore Andrew J.,
    2. Keller Christian,
    3. McGovern Thomas H.,
    4. Casely Andrew F.,
    5. Smiarowski Konrad

    2009 Norse Greenland Settlement and Limits to Adaptation. In Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance. Adger W. Neil, Lorenzoni Irene, O’Brien Karen L., eds. Pp. 96–113. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. ↵
    1. Dugmore Andrew J.,
    2. Keller Christian,
    3. McGovern Thomas H.

    2007 Norse Greenland Settlement: Reflections on Climate Change, Trade, and the Contrasting Fates of Human Settlements in the North Atlantic Islands. Arctic Anthropology 44(1):12–36.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
45. ↵
    1. Edvardsson Ragnar

    2005 Commercial and Subsistence Fishing in Vestfirðir: A Study in the Role of Fishing in the Icelandic Medieval Economy. Archaeologia Islandica 4:51–67.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Edvardsson Ragnar

    2010 The Role of Marine Resources in the Medieval Economy of Vestfirðir, Iceland. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The City of University of New York, New York.
47. ↵
    1. Egede Paul

    1740 Continuation af Relationerne betreffende den grønlandske Missions Tilstand og Beskaffenhed. Forfattet i Form af en Journal fra Anno 1734–1740. Copenhagen: Johan Cristoph Groth.
48. ↵
    1. Enghoff Inge Bødker

    2003 Hunting, Fishing and Animal Husbandry at the Farm Beneath the Sand, Western Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society 28: 3–104.

    OpenUrl
49. ↵
    1. Forbes Bruce C.

    2015 Arctic Vegetation Cover: Patterns, Processes and Expected Change. In The New Arctic. Evengård Birgitta, Larsen Joan Nymand, Paasche Øyvind, eds. Pp. 117–132. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
50. ↵
    1. Foster Ryan

    2018 Norse Shielings in Scotland: An Interdisciplinary Study of Setr/Sætr and Ærgi-names. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
51. ↵
    1. Frei Karin M.,
    2. Coutu Ashley N.,
    3. Smiarowski Konrad,
    4. Harrison Ramona,
    5. Madsen Christian K.,
    6. Arneborg Jette,
    7. Frei Robert,
    8. Guðmundsson Gardar,
    9. Sindbæk Søren M.,
    10. Woollett James,
    11. Hartman Steven,
    12. Hicks Megan,
    13. McGovern Thomas H.

    2015 Was it for Walrus? Viking Age Settlement and Medieval Walrus Ivory Trade in Iceland and Greenland. World Archaeology 47(3):439–466.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
52. ↵
    1. Gad Finn

    1965 Sjældent farer mænd did. Tidsskriftet Grønland 3:81–91.

    OpenUrl
53. ↵
    1. Gestsson Gísli

    1986 Kúabót í Álftaveri I. Árbók hins Íslenzka Fornleifafélags 1986:11–38.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Giesecke Karl Ludwig

    1825 On the Norwegian Settlements on the Eastern Coast of Greenland or Osterbygd, and Their Situation. The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy XIV:47–57.

    OpenUrl
55. ↵
    1. Giesecke Karl Ludwig

    1910 Mineralogisches Reisejournal über Grönland. Meddelelser om Grønland 35:1–478.

    OpenUrl
56. ↵
    1. Griffiths David,
    2. Harrison Jane

    2011 Settlement under the Sand: New Viking Discoveries in Orkney. Current Archaeology 253:12–19.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Grove Jonathan

    2009 The Place of Greenland in Medieval Icelandic Saga Narrative. Journal of the North Atlantic 2(sp2):30–51.

    OpenUrl
58. ↵
    1. Graah Wilhelm August

    1832 Undersøgelses-Reise til Østkysten af Grønland. Copenhagen: D. Qvist, i det Christensenske Officin.
59. ↵
    1. Guðmundsson Gardar,
    2. Ágústsson Hörður

    2006 The Reconstructed Medieval Farm in Þjórsárdalur and the Development of the Icelandic Turf House (2nd ed). Kunz K., translator. Reykjavík: National Museum of Iceland.
60. ↵
    1. Guldager Ole,
    2. Hansen Steffen Stummann,
    3. Gleie Simon

    2002 Medieval Farmsteads in Greenland: The Brattahlid Region 1999–2000. Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center.
61. ↵
    1. Gulløv Hans Christian

    1983 Fortidsminder i Nuuk kommune—inuit-kulturens bopladser/Nuup kommuneani qangarnitsanik eqqaassuti. Nuuk: Kalaallit Nunaata katersugaasivia and National Museum of Denmark.
62. ↵
    1. Gulløv Hans Christian

    1997 Porten til Grønland. Arkæologiske undersøgelser i Thule 1996. Unpublished field report in the archives of the National Museum of Denmark, reg. 33291. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
63. ↵
    1. Gulløv Hans Christian

    1999 Berejsning og undersøgelser i Qaqortoq, Narsaq, Nanortalik og Ammassalik kommuner, sommeren 1999. Unpublished report in the archives of the National Museum of Denmark. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
64. ↵
    1. Gulløv Hans Christian

    2008a Booths from Early Norse Greenland—or tjaldat búðir from landnáma Greenland. In Símunarbók. Paulsen Caroline, Michelsen Helgi Dahl, eds. Pp. 90–105. Tórshavn: Fródskapur.
65. ↵
    1. Gulløv Hans Christian

    2008b The Nature of Contact between Native Greenlanders and Norse. Journal of the North Atlantic 1(2008):16–24.

    OpenUrl
66. ↵
    1. Gulløv Hans Christian

    2016 Inuit-European Interactions in Greenland. In The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen, eds. Pp. 1–20. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
67. ↵
    1. Halldórsson Ólafur

    1978 Grænland í miðaldaritum. Reykjavík: Sögufélag.
68. ↵
    1. Harrison Ramona,
    2. Roberts Howell M.,
    3. Adderley W. Paul

    2008 Gásir in Eyjafjörđur: International Exchange and Local Economy in Medieval Iceland. Journal of the North Atlantic 1(1):99–119.

    OpenUrl
69. ↵
    1. Heide-Jørgensen K. L. Laidre,
    2. Burt M. L.,
    3. Borchers D. L.,
    4. Marques T. A.,
    5. Hansen R. G.,
    6. Rasmussen M.,
    7. Fossette S.

    2010 Abundance of Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) on the Hunting Grounds in Greenland. Journal of Mammalogy 91(5):1135–1151.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
70. ↵
    1. Helle Knut

    1982 Kongssete og kjøpstad: fra opphavet til 1536. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
71. ↵
    1. Holm Gustav

    1889 Den østgrønlandske Expedition udført i Aarene 1883–85. Meddelelser om Grønland 9(1).
72. ↵
    1. Ihmer Lisbeth

    2017 Peasants and Prayers: The Inscriptions of Norse Greenland. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
73. ↵
    1. Ingstad Anne Stine

    , ed.1977 The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in North America: Excavation at L’Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961–1968. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
74. ↵
    1. Ingstad Helge

    1960 Landet under Polarstjernen. Copenhagen: Forlaget Fremad.
75. ↵
    1. Isachsen Gunnar,
    2. Isachsen Fridjov

    1932 Hvor langt mot nord kom de norrøne grønlendinger på sine fangstferder i ubygdene? Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift Bind IV(Hefte 1–3):75–92.

    OpenUrl
76. ↵
    1. Jensen Jens Arnold Diderich

    1879 Expeditionen til Syd-Grønland i 1878. Meddelelser om Grønland 1:17–76.

    OpenUrl
77. ↵
    1. Jim C. Y.

    2017 An Archaeological and Historical Exploration of the Origins of Green Roofs. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 27:32–42.

    OpenUrl
78. ↵
    1. Jones Gwyn

    1986 The North Atlantic Saga. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
79. ↵
    1. Jónsson Finnur

    1899 Grønlands gamle Topografi efter Kilderne. Østerbygden og Vesterbygden. Meddelelser om Grønland 20:265–329.

    OpenUrl
80. ↵
    1. Jónsson Finnur

    1930 Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse af Ívar Bárðarson. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard Forlag.
81. ↵
    1. Jørgensen Ulrik

    2009 Viking-Age Sailing Routes of the Western Baltic Sea—A Matter of Safety. In Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard. Englert Anton, Trakadas Athena, eds. Pp. 135–144. Maritime Culture of the North, vol. 2. Roskilde: Roskilde Viking Ship Museum.
82. ↵
    1. Keller Christian

    1990 Vikings in the West Atlantic: A Model of Norse Greenland Medieval Society. Acta Archaeologica 61(1990):127–141.

    OpenUrl
83. ↵
    1. Keller Christian

    2010 Furs, Fish, and Ivory: Medieval Norsemen at the Arctic Fringe. Journal of the North Atlantic 3(1):1–23.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
84. ↵
    1. Krogh Knud J.

    1976 Om grønlands middelalderlige kirkebygninger. In Minjar og menntir. Afmælisrit helgað Kristjáni Eldjárn 6. Desember 1976. Vilhjálmsson Bjarni, Kristjánsson Jónas, Magnússon Þór, eds. Pp. 294–310. Reykjavík: Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóð.
85. 1. Keller Christian

    1982 Bygdernes kirker. Kirkerne i de middelalderlige, norrøne grønlandske bygder. Tidsskriftet Grønland 1982(8):263–274.

    OpenUrl
86. ↵
    1. Krogh Knud J.,
    2. Berglund Margrethe,
    3. Berlund Joel

    1980 Antikvariske arbejder i Narssak, Julianehåb og Nanortalik kommuner, Grønland 1980 (unpublished survey report in the archives at Greenland National Museum & Archies, jr.nr. 198002). Copenhagen: Nationalmuset.
87. ↵
    1. Kupiec Patrycja,
    2. Milek Karen

    2014 Roles and Perceptions of Shielings and the Mediation of Gender Identities in Viking and Medieval Iceland. In Viking Worlds: Things, Spaces and Movement. Eriksen Marianne Hem, Pederson Unn, Rundberget Bernt, Axelsen Irmelin, Berg Heidi Lund, eds. Havertown: Oxbow Books.
88. ↵
    1. Larson Laurence Marcellus

    1917 The King’s Mirror (Speculum Regale-Konungs Skuggsjá). Larson Laurence M., transl. London: Oxford University Press.
89. ↵
    1. Ledger Paul M.,
    2. Edwards Kevin J.,
    3. Schofield Edward J.

    2013 Shieling Activity in the Norse Eastern Settlement: Palaeoenvironment of the “Mountain Farm,” Vatnahverfi, Greenland. The Holocene 23(6):810–822.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
90. ↵
    1. Ljungqvist Frederik Charpentier

    2005 The Significance of Remote Resource Regions for Norse Greenland. Scripta Islandica 56: 13–54.

    OpenUrl
91. ↵
    1. Long Antony J.,
    2. Woodroff Sarah A.,
    3. Milne Glenn A.,
    4. Bryant Charlotte L.,
    5. Simpson Matthew J.R.,
    6. Wake Leanne M.

    2012 Relative Sea-Level Change in Greenland during the Last 700 Yrs and Ice Sheet Response to the Little Ice Age. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 315–316:76–85.

    OpenUrl
92. ↵
    1. Lynnerup Niels

    1998 The Greenland Norse. A Biological-Anthropological Study. Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society 24:3–149.

    OpenUrl
93. ↵
    1. Madsen Christian K

    . 2014a Norse Pastoral Farming and Settlement in the Vatnahverfi Peninsula, South Greenland. In Northern Worlds: Landscapes, Interactions and Dynamics: Research at the National Museum of Denmark. Proceedings of the Northern Worlds Conference Copenhagen 28–30 November 2012. Gulløv Hans C., ed. Pp. 95–114. PNM—Publications from the National Museum, Studies in Archaeology & History, vol. 22. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
94. ↵
    1. Madsen Christian K

    . 2014b Pastoral Settlement, Farming, and Hierarchy in Norse Vatnahverfi, South Greenland. Ph.D. dissertation, Saxo-Institute, Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.
95. ↵
    1. Magnusen Finn

    1827a VIII. Efterretninger om en i Grønland funden Runesten, med dens Forklaring, forfattet af Prof. Rask, og nogle hertil hørende oplysninger ved Prof. Finn Magnusen. Antiquariske Annaler Fjerde Bind(Andet Hefte):309–342.
96. ↵
    1. Magnusen Finn

    1827b X. Tillæg til Efterretningerne om den Grønlandske Runesten m.m. Antiquariske Annaler Fjerde Bind(Andet Hefte): 367–378.
97. ↵
    1. Mahler Ditlev L.

    2007 Sæteren ved Argisbrekka. Tórshavn: Fróðskapur.
98. ↵
    1. Mathers Derek

    2009 A Fourteenth-Century Description of Greenland. In Saga Book Vol. XXXIII. Viking Society for Northern Research, University of College of London. Finlay Alison, Lee Christina, McKinnell John, Phelpstead Carl, eds. Pp. 67–92. Exeter: Short Run Press Ltd.
99. ↵
    1. Mathiassen Therkel

    1932 Arkæologisk Journal. Kysten Angmagssalik–Kap Farvel, 1932. Unpublished field journal in the archives of the National Museum of Denmark, jr.nr. 33–103. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
100. ↵
     1. Mathiassen Therkel

     1936 The Former Eskimo Settlements on Frederik VI’s Coast. Meddelelser om Grønland 109(2):3–55.

     OpenUrl
101. ↵
     1. Mathiassen Therkel,
     2. Holtved Erik

     1936 The Eskimo Archaeology of Julianehaab District. Meddelelser om Grønland 118(1):1–141.

     OpenUrl
102. ↵
     1. Matras Anna Katrin

     2005 The Viking Settlement “Niðri á Toft,” Kvívík, Faroe Islands—A Reanalysis. In Viking and Norse in the North Atlantic: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Viking Congress, Tórshavn, 19–30 Juli 2001. Mortensen Andras, Arge Simun V., eds. Pp. 99–108. Tórshavn: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag.
103. ↵
     1. McCullough Karen,
     2. Schledermann Peter

     2009 Mystery Cairns on Washington Irving Island. Polar Record 35(195):289–298.

     OpenUrl
104. ↵
     1. McGovern Thomas H.

     1979 The Paleoeconomy of Norse Greenland: Adaptation and Extinction in a Tightly Bounded Ecosystem. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
105. ↵
     1. McGovern Thomas H

     . 1985a Contributions to the Paleoeconomy of Norse Greenland. Acta Archaeologica 54:73–122.

     OpenUrlWeb of Science
106. ↵
     1. McGovern Thomas H.

     1985b The Arctic Frontier of Norse Greenland. In The Archaeology of Frontiers and Boundaries. Green Stanton W., Perlman Stephen M., eds. Pp. 275–323. New York: Academic Press.
107. ↵
     1. McGovern Thomas H.,
     2. Amorosi Thomas,
     3. Perdikaris Sophia,
     4. Woollett James

     1996 Vertebrate Zooarchaeology of Sandnes V51: Economic Change at a Chieftain’s Farm in West Greenland. Arctic Anthropology 33(2): 94–121.

     OpenUrl
108. ↵
     1. McGovern Thomas H.,
     2. Jordan Richard H.

     1982 Settlement and Land Use in the Inner Fjords of the Godthaab District, West Greenland. Arctic Anthropology 19(1):63–79.

     OpenUrlWeb of Science
109. ↵
     1. Mehler Natascha

     2015 Þingvellir: A Place of Assembly and a Market? Journal of the North Atlantic Special Volume 8:69–81.

     OpenUrl
110. ↵
     1. Meldgaard Jørgen

     1965 Nordboerne i Grønland: En Vikingebygds Historie. Copenhagen: Munksgaards Forlag.
111. ↵
     1. Meldgaard Jørgen

     1995 Eskimoer og Nordboer i det yderste Nord. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark. Olsen Olad, ed. Pp. 199–214. Copenhagen: Danish National Museum.
112. ↵
     1. Mikkelsen Naja,
     2. Kuijpers Antoon,
     3. Arneborg Jette

     2008 The Norse in Greenland and Late Holocene Sea-Level Change. Polar Record 44(228): 45–50.

     OpenUrlWeb of Science
113. ↵
     1. Møhl Jeppe

     1982 Ressourceudnyttelse fra norrøne og eskimoiske affaldslag belyst igennem knoglematerialet. Tidsskriftet Grønland 8–9:286–295.

     OpenUrl
114. ↵
     1. Nansen Fridtjof

     1911 In Northern Mists: Arctic Explorations in Early Time, vol. 1. Chater Arthur G., transl. London: Ballantine Press.
115. ↵
     1. Nørlund Poul

     1921 Beskrivelse af ruingruppe Ø148, Serfa Iterdla (unpublished site record in the archives of the National Museum of Denmark). Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
116. ↵
     1. Nørlund Poul

     1932a Brev fra Nørlund til Knud Rasmussen, 1932, vedr. ruiner i Lindenow Fjorden og bag Skjoldungen. Unpublished letter in the archives at the National Museum of Denmark, jr.nr. 33–104. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
117. ↵
     1. Nørlund Poul

     1932b Poul Nørlunds notesbog 1932 (Østerbygden) (unpublished field notes in the archives of the National Museum of Denmark). Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
118. ↵
     1. Nørlund Poul,
     2. Stenberger Mårten

     1934 Brattahlid. Meddelelser om Grønland 88(1): 1–161.

     OpenUrl
119. ↵
     1. Ogilvie Astrid E. J.

     1991 Climate Changes in Iceland A.D. c. 865 to 1598. Acta Archaeologica 61:233–251.

     OpenUrl
120. ↵
     1. Ogilvie Astrid E. J.,
     2. Woollett James M.,
     3. Smiarowski Konrad,
     4. Arneborg Jette,
     5. Troelstra Simon,
     6. Kuijpers Antoon,
     7. Pálsdóttir Albina,
     8. McGovern Thomas H.

     2009 Seals and Sea Ice in Medieval Greenland. Journal of the North Atlantic 2(1):60–80.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
121. ↵
     1. Øye Ingvild

     2004 Agricultural Conditions and Rural Societies ca. 800–1350: An Introduction. In Norwegian Agricultural History. Almås Reidar, Gjerdåker Brynjulv, eds. Pp. 80–140. Trondheim: Tapir Academic.
122. ↵
     1. Øye Ingvild

     2005 Farming and Farming Systems in Norse Societies of the North Atlantic. In Viking and Norse in the North Atlantic: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Viking Congress, Tórshavn, 19–30 Juli 2001. Mortensen Andras, Arge Simun V., eds. Pp. 359–370. Tórshavn: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag.
123. ↵
     1. Øye Ingvild

     2013 Technology, Land Use and Transformations in Scandinavian Landscapes, c. 800–1300 AD. In Economic Archaeology: From Structure to Performance in European Archaeology. Kerig Tim, Zimmerman Andreas, eds. Pp. 295–309. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
124. ↵
     1. Perdikaris Sophia,
     2. McGovern Thomas H.

     2008 Codfish and Kings, Seals and Subsistence. In Human Impacts on Marine Environments: A Global Perspective. Rick Torben C., Erlandson Jon M., eds. Pp. 187–214. Oakland: University of California Press.
125. ↵
     1. Petersen Hans Christian

     1979 Iagtagelser af ”nordbospor” i Kangâtsiaq kommune. Unpublished report in the archives of Greenland National Museum & Archives. Nuuk: Greenland National Museum & Archives.
126. ↵
     1. Pingel Christian

     1832 Antiquariske Efterretninger. Grønland. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed 1:221–225.

     OpenUrl
127. ↵
     1. Pingel Christian

     1833 Antiquariske Efterretninger. Grønland. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed 1:313–343.

     OpenUrl
128. ↵
     1. Porter Claire,
     2. Morin Paul,
     3. Howat Ian,
     4. Noh Myoung-Jon,
     5. Bates Brian,
     6. Peterman Kenneth,
     7. Keesey Scott,
     8. Schlenk Matthew,
     9. Gardiner Judith,
     10. Tomko Karen,
     11. Willis Michael,
     12. Kelleher Cole,
     13. Cloutier Michael,
     14. Husby Eric,
     15. Foga Steven,
     16. Nakamura Hitomi,
     17. Platson Melisa,
     18. Wethington Michael Jr.,
     19. Williamson Cathleen,
     20. Bauer Gregory,
     21. Enos Jeremy,
     22. Arnold Galen,
     23. Kramer William,
     24. Becker Peter,
     25. Doshi Abhijit,
     26. D’Souza Cristelle,
     27. Cummens Pat,
     28. Laurier Fabien,
     29. Bojesen Mikkel

     2018 ArcticDEM. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OHHUKH, Harvard Dataverse, V1.
129. ↵
     1. Reinton Lars

     1961 Seterbruk i Norge III. Volume III. Oslo: Institut for sammenlignende Kulturforskning.
130. ↵
     1. Roesdahl Else

     2005 Walrus Ivory—Demand, Supply, Workshops, and Greenland. In Viking and Norse in the North Atlantic: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Viking Congress, Tórshavn, 19–30 Juli 2001. Mortensen Andras, Arge Simun V., eds. Pp. 182–207. Tórshavn: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag.
131. ↵
     1. Rosenkrantz Alfred

     1967a Bjørnefælden ved Nûgssuaq og nordboernes Eysunes i geologisk belysning. Tidsskriftet Grønland 12:377–484.

     OpenUrl
132. ↵
     1. Rosenkrantz Alfred

     1967b Runestenen fra Kingigtorssuaq i geologisk belysning. Tidsskriftet Grønland 11: 349–362.

     OpenUrl
133. ↵
     1. Roussell Aage

     1936 Sandnes and the Neighboring Farms. Meddelelser om Grønland 88(2):5–232.

     OpenUrl
134. ↵
     1. Roussell Aage

     1941 Farms and Churches in the Medieval Norse Settlements of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 89:1–354.

     OpenUrl
135. ↵
     1. Raahauge Kristine,
     2. Appelt Martin,
     3. Gulløv Hans Christian,
     4. Kapel Hans,
     5. Krouse Cicilie,
     6. Møller Niels Algreen

     2002 Tidlig Thule kultur i Sydgrønland. Rapport om undersøgelserne i Nanortalik Kommune, sommeren 2001. Copenhagen: SILA–The National Museum of Denmark.
136. ↵
     1. Schledermann Peter

     2000 Ellesmere: Vikings in the Far North. In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Fitzhugh William W., Ward Elizabeth I., eds. Pp. 248–256. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
137. ↵
     1. Seaver Kirsten A.

     1996 The Frozen Echo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
138. ↵
     1. Smiarowski Konrad,
     2. Harrison Ramona,
     3. Brewington Seth,
     4. Hicks Megan,
     5. Feeley Frank J.,
     6. Dupont-Hébert Céline,
     7. Prehal Brenda,
     8. Hambrecht George,
     9. Woollett James,
     10. McGovern Thomas H.

     2017 Zooarchaeology of the Scandinavian Settlements in Iceland and Greenland: Diverging Pathways. In The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology. Albarella Umberto, Russ Hannah, Vickers Kim, Viner-Daniels Sarah, eds. Pp. 147–163. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
139. ↵
     1. Sindbæk Søren M.

     2009 Open Access, Nodal Points, and Central Places: Maritime Communication and Locational Principles for Coastal Sites in South Scandinavia, c. AD 400–1200. Estonian Journal of Archaeology 13(2):96–109.

     OpenUrl
140. ↵
     1. Skre Dagfinn

     1996 Rural Settlements in Medieval Norway, AD 400–1400. Ruralia I:53–71.

     OpenUrl
141. ↵
     1. Skrede Marit Anita

     2005 Shielings and Landscape in Western Norway—Research traditions and recent trends. In Utmark: The Outfield as Industry and Ideology in the Iron Age and the Middle Age. Holm Ingunn, Innselset Sonja, eds. Pp. 31–41. Vol. 1 of UBAS (Universitetet i Bergen arkeologiske skrifter), International. Bergen: University of Bergen.
142. ↵
     1. Small Alan

     1967 Excavations at Underhoull, Unst, Shetland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 98(1964–1966):225–248.

     OpenUrl
143. ↵
     1. Star Bastiaan,
     2. Barrett James H.,
     3. Gondek Agata T.,
     4. Boessenkool Sanne

     2018 Ancient DNA Reveals the Chronology of Walrus Ivory Trade from Norse Greenland. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285(1884). doi:doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0978.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
144. ↵
     1. Steenstrup Knud Johannes Vogelius

     1893 Beretning om Undersøgelsesrejserne i Nord-Grønland i Aarene 1878–80. Meddelelser om Grønland 5:1–41.

     OpenUrl
145. ↵
     1. Stummann Hansen Steffen

     2013 4. The Viking Age Structures. Acta Archaeologica 84(1):38–65.

     OpenUrl
146. ↵
     1. Sutherland Patricia D.

     2000 The Norse and the Native North Americans. In Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Fitzhugh William W., Ward Elizabeth I., eds. Pp. 238–248. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
147. ↵
     1. Sveinbjarnardóttir Gudrun

     1991 Shieling in Iceland: An Archaeological and Historical Survey. Acta Archaeologica 61:73–96.

     OpenUrl
148. ↵
     1. Svensson Eva

     2015 Upland Living. The Scandinavian Shielings and Their European Sisters. In Nordic Middle Ages—Artefacts, Landscapes and Society: Essays in Honor of Ingvild Öye on Her 70th Birthday. Baug Irene, Larsen Janicke, Mygland Sigrid Samset, eds. Pp. 289–300. University of Bergen Archaeological Series, vol. 8. Bergen: University of Bergen.

     OpenUrl
149. ↵
     1. Thorhallesen Egill

     1776 Efterretning om Rudera eller Levninger af de gamle Nordmænds og Islænderes Bygninger paa Grønlands Vester-Side tillige med et Anhang om deres Undergang Sammesteds. Copenhagen: August Friderich Stein.
150. ↵
     1. Thorsteinsson Arne

     1982 Færøske huskonstruktioner fra vikingetid til 1800-årene. In Vestnordisk byggeskikk gjennom to tusen år: Tradisjon og forandring fra romertid til det 19. årh. Myhre Bjørn, Stoklund Bjarne, Gjærder Per, eds. Pp. 149–161, Vol. AmS-Skrifter 7. Stavanger: Arkeologisk Museum i Stavanger.
151. ↵
     1. van Hoof Joost,
     2. van Dijken Froukje

     2008 The Historical Turf Farms of Iceland: Architecture, Building Technology and the Indoor Environment. Building and Environment 43(6):1023–1030.

     OpenUrl
152. ↵
     1. Vebæk Christen Leif

     1943 Inland Farms in the Norse East Settlement. Meddelelser om Grønland 90(1):1–120.

     OpenUrl
153. ↵
     1. Vebæk Christen Leif

     1968 Besigtigelser af nordboruiner 1945–62 i den sydlige Østerbygd (unpublished report in the Archives of National Museum of Denmark, jr. nr. 33–325). Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
154. ↵
     1. Vebæk Christen Leif

     1991 Hunting on Land and at Sea and Fishing in Medieval Norse Greenland. Acta Borealia 8(1): 5–12.

     OpenUrl
155. ↵
     1. Vésteinsson Orri

     2010 Parishes and Communities in Norse Greenland. Journal of the North Atlantic 2(sp2):138–150.

     OpenUrl
156. ↵
     1. Vésteinsson Orri

     2013 What is in a Booth? Material Symbolism at Icelandic Assembly Sites. Journal of the North Atlantic 2012(sp5):111–124.

     OpenUrl
157. ↵
     1. Vésteinsson Orri,
     2. McGovern Thomas H.,
     3. Keller Christian

     2002 Enduring Impacts: Social and Environmental Aspects of Viking Age Settlement in Iceland and Greenland. Archaeologia Islandica 2:98–136.

     OpenUrl
158. ↵
     1. Wallace Birgitta

     1991 L’Anse aux Meadows: Gateway to Vinland. Acta Archaeologica 61:166–197.

     OpenUrl
159. ↵
     1. Wallace Birgitta

     2003 The Norse in Newfoundland: L’Anse aux Meadows and Vinland. Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 19(1):5–43.

     OpenUrl
160. ↵
     1. Wallace Birgitta

     2006 Westward Vikings: The Saga of L’Anse aux Meadows. St. John’s: Historic Sites Association of Newfoundland and Labrador.
161. ↵
     1. Wallace Birgitta

     2009 L’Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson’s Home in Vinland. Journal of the North Atlantic 2(sp2): 114–125.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
162. ↵
     1. Wickler Stephen

     2016a The Centrality of Small Islands in Arctic Norway from the Viking Age to Recent Historic Period. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 11(2):171–194.

     OpenUrl
163. ↵
     1. Wickler Stephen

     2016b Medieval Shipwrecks from North Norway and their Contribution to Understanding Maritime Interaction and Trade. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 45(1):59–76.

     OpenUrl
164. ↵
     1. Witting Lars,
     2. Born Erik W.

     2005 An Assessment of Greenland Walrus Populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62: 266–284.

     OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
165. ↵
     1. Wormskiold M.

     1814 Gammelt og Nyt om Grönlands, Viinlands, og nogle fleere Forfædrene kiendte Landes Beliggenhed Det skandinaviske Litteraturselskabs Skrifter Tiende Aargang: 298–403.