Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A map of Alaska (inset) and Norton Sound showing the location of Cape Denbigh and Iyatayet in relation to key regional and local sites mentioned in the text, including the Batza Téna and Krasnoye Lake obsidian sources.
- Figure 2.
Image of Iyatayet north terrace from the beach. Photograph by A. Tremayne.
- Figure 3.
Iyatayet site map showing recent tests in relation to Giddings’s excavation blocks.
- Figure 4.
A photograph and profile illustration of the east wall from Unit PB.
- Figure 5.
Profile of the north wall of Unit Z4.
- Figure 6.
Summed probability density plots using: A. All dates including those from Giddings; B. All terrestrial dates; C. All AMS dates; D. Only AMS terrestrial dates.
- Figure 7.
Section of Denbigh and Norton stone tools collected in 2012–2013: a–g) end and side blades; h–i, n–p) burins and burinated microblades; j–m, q, s) side blade fragments; t, u) burin spalls, v–z) microblades; aa–ad) flake tools; ae–ak) Norton projectile poi nts; al, am, aq) drills; an, ao) flake tools; ap) burinated groover; ar, as) ground slate; at) pebble tool.
- Figure 8.
Raw-material diversity by culture grouped by general category.
- Figure 9.
A selection of organic Norton tools collected from Iyatayet in 2013.
- Figure 10.
Summary of the relative frequencies of identified fauna represented in each component.
Tables
- Table 1
Summary of Iyatayet radiocarbon dates from all three components, with modeled start and end dates. All dates were calibrated at 1 sigma using OxCal 4.2 (Bronk Ramsey and Lee 2013). Marine dates calibrated using a ∆R of 477±60. *Suspect dates.
Lab Number 14C Date σ Mean Cal BP 2σ Cal Age Range (2 σ) δ13 Material Excavation Unit Notes Reference NUKLEET M 1260a 960 100 530 120 AD 1210–1670 NA Residue NR 50% marine Crane and Griffin 1964 M 1260b 1050 110 610 120 AD 1050–1620 NA Residue NR 50% marine Crane and Griffin 1964 Beta-157235 510 40 540 40 AD 1310–1450 −20.6 Caribou antler H1 AMS Murray et al. 2003 Beta-157234 630 40 610 40 AD 1280–1410 −20.6 Caribou antler F AMS Murray et al. 2003 Beta-157233 1440 40 560 50 AD 1280–1500 −14.8 Walrus Ivory E AMS; 100% marine Murray et al. 2003 AA101353 749 41 690 30 AD 1200–1390 −18.1 Caribou collagen Trench A-W AMS Tremayne 2015b Beta-328287 1140 30 500 90 AD 1290–1640 −15.1 Canid collagen Slope AMS; 75% marine Tremayne 2015b Modeled Start 680 70 AD 1150–1390 Modeled End 500 60 AD 1320–1570 NORTON C-506 1460 200 1390 210 AD 130–980 NA Charcoal Cut PA Giddings 1964:244 C-562 2016 215 2010 260 750 BC–AD 530 NA Charcoal House 7 Giddings 1964:245 P-13a 2420 270 2490 330 1220 BC–AD 120 NA Charcoal House 7 base timbers Giddings 1964:245 P-13b 2530 330 2630 400 1500 BC–AD 90 NA Charcoal House 7 base timbers Giddings 1964:245 P-13c 2130 260 2150 320 810 BC–AD 400 NA Charcoal House 7 base timbers Giddings 1964:245 P-13 AVG 2360 170 2420 210 840–40 BC NA Charcoal House 7 Avg. 3 dates Giddings 1964:245 P-13d 2213 110 2220 150 270 BC–AD 150 NA Charcoal House 7 CO2 det. Giddings 1964:245 M-1260c 2720 130 2370 200 800–40 BC NA Residue NR 50% marine Crane and Griffin 1964 AA102993 1962 39 1910 40 50 BC–AD 130 –25.4 Charcoal STP-5 AMS Tremayne 2015b AA102989 2274 39 2260 60 410–200 BC –26.2 Charcoal Trench A-E AMS Tremayne 2015b AA102987 2160 39 2180 80 370–90 BC –24.6 Charcoal Trench A-W AMS Tremayne 2015b Beta-328284 2250 30 2250 60 400–200 BC −23.8 Charcoal STP-1A AMS Tremayne 2015b Beta-328285 2070 30 2040 50 180–1 BC −22.9 Charcoal STP-1A AMS Tremayne 2015b Beta-328286 2260 30 2260 60 400–200 BC −23.4 Charcoal STP-1A AMS Tremayne 2015b AA101352 2322 35 2330 50 490–230 BC −25.3 Charcoal STP-1A AMS Tremayne 2015b AA101351 2901 48 2070 100 340 BC–AD 70 −14.6 Walrus collagen Trench A-W AMS; 100% marine Tremayne 2015b Beta-422596 2330 30 2350 30 490–260 BC −23.9 Charcoal PB AMS Tremayne 2015b Beta-422597 2260 30 2260 60 400–200 BC −28.2 Birch Bark Z4 AMS Tremayne 2015b Modeled Start 2390 50 560–370 BC Modeled End 1890 80 100 BC–AD 220 DENBIGH P-102a 3290 290 3560 380 2440–890 BC NA Charcoal Cut R Giddings 1964:246 P-102b 3320 200 3580 260 2200–1110 BC NA Charcoal Cut R Giddings 1964:246 P-102AVG 3310 200 3570 260 2150–1080 BC NA Charcoal Cut R Avg. 2 dates Giddings 1964:246 P-104a 3240 280 3500 360 2280–830 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Geoarch Giddings 1964:245 P-104b 2730 300 2870 370 1650–180 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Geoarch Giddings 1964:245 P-104c 3030 280 3230 340 2020–540 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Geoarch Giddings 1964:245 P-104AVG 3000 170 3170 200 1620–830 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Avg. 3 dates Giddings 1964:245 P-108a 2880 280 3050 340 1760–390 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Geoarch Giddings 1964:245 P-108b 3280 300 3550 390 2410–840 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Geoarch Giddings 1964:245 P-108AVG 3080 210 3270 260 1880–820 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Avg. 3 dates Giddings 1964:245 P-105 4040 280 4540 390 3370–1780 BC NA Soil and Peat Cut Z-5B Geoarch Giddings 1964:245 P-103a 3430 280 3750 370 2570–1050 BC NA Charcoal and Mud Cut Z-5D Giddings 1964:245 P-103b 3520 290 3870 380 2850–1130 BC NA Charcoal and Mud Cut Z-5D Giddings 1964:245 P-103AVG 3480 200 3790 260 2460–1320 BC NA Charcoal and Mud Cut Z-5D Avg. 2 dates Giddings 1964:245 C-792a 3477 310 3820 410 2840–1040 BC NA Charcoal and Mud Cut Z-5B Giddings 1964:245 C-792b 3541 315 3900 420 2870–1130 BC NA Charcoal and Mud Cut Z-5B Giddings 1964:245 C-792AVG 3509 230 3840 300 2490–1290 BC NA Charcoal Cut Z-5B Avg. 2 dates Giddings 1964:245 W-298 3974 600 4510 760 4050–1040 BC NA Charcoal Cut Z-5A Date suspect Giddings 1964:246 C-793a* 4253 290 4830 390 3640–2130 BC NA Charcoal Cut R Date suspect Giddings 1964:245 C-793b* 5063 315 5820 370 4590–3030 BC NA Charcoal Cut R Date suspect Giddings 1964:245 C-793* AVG 4655 214 5320 270 3650–2880 BC NA Charcoal Cut R Avg. 2 dates Giddings 1964:245 Beta-319843 3300 30 3525 40 1650–1500 BC −27.3 Birch Bark NR AMS Tremayne and Rasic 2016 AA102988 3431 32 3690 55 1880–1640 BC −24.5 Charcoal Unit R1 AMS Tremayne 2015b Beta-422595 3460 30 3740 60 1890–1690 BC −25.6 Charcoal Unit R1 AMS Tremayne 2015b AA102992 3494 41 3765 55 1930–1690 BC −24.9 Charcoal Unit Z4 AMS Tremayne 2015b 15C/0640 3440 40 3710 60 1890–1650 BC NA Charcoal Unit Z4 AMS Tremayne 2015b AA102990 3717 39 4060 60 2280–1980 BC −24.4 Charcoal Unit PB AMS Tremayne 2015b 15C/0639 3500 40 3770 60 1940–1690 BC NA Charcoal Unit PB AMS Tremayne 2015b Modeled Start 4750 430 3570–2050 BC All dates Modeled End 3390 160 1670–1110 BC All dates Modeled Start 4070 170 2310–1940 BC Suspect dates rejected Modeled End 3480 90 1690–1340 BC Suspect dates rejected - Table 2
Summary of artifact classes and counts recovered from Iyatayet in the 2012–2013 field seasons.
Artifact Denbigh Norton Nukleet Undetermined Total Percent Stone tools 63 158 16 26 263 2.1 Debitage 323 6,824 442 2,245 9,834 79.9 Ceramic 0 231 173 110 514 4.2 Osseous tools 0 11 2 0 13 0.1 Leather 0 1 1 0 2 0.02 Fauna 24 926 347 223 1,520 12.4 Wood/Bark tools 0 1 3 0 4 0.03 Charcoal samples 19 91 4 17 131 1.1 Wood/Seed samples 0 9 10 1 20 0.2 Total 429 8,252 998 2,622 12,301 100 Percent 3.5 67.1 8.1 21.3 100.0 Raw Material Denbigh % Norton % Nukleet % Total Basalt 98 5.2 3,648 50.2 185 38.4 3,931 Chert 1,466 77.7 3,097 42.6 220 45.6 4,783 Jasper 161 8.5 145 2.0 12 2.5 318 Obsidian 137 7.3 99 1.4 10 2.1 246 Quartz 6 0.3 45 0.6 2 0.4 53 Sedimentary 2 0.1 77 1.1 22 4.6 101 Silicified slate 5 0.3 44 0.6 7 1.5 56 Slate 7 0.4 42 0.6 10 2.1 59 Other 4 0.2 62 0.9 14 2.9 80 Total 1,886 100.0 7,267 100.0 482 100.0 9,635
