Weapon Systems and Assemblage Variability during the Northern Archaic Period in Northern Alaska

References Cited

1. 1. Ackerman Robert E.

   1995 Lime Hills, Cave 1. In American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Paleoecology of Beringia. West F. H., ed. Pp. 470–478. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2. 1. Amick Daniel S.

   1994 Technological Organization and the Structure of Inference in Lithic Analysis: An Examination of Folsom Hunting Behavior in the American Southwest. In The Organization of North American Prehistoric Chipped Stone Tool Technologies. Carr Philip J., ed. Pp. 9–34. International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series, 7. Ann Arbor.
3. 1. Anderson Douglas D.

   1968 A Stone Age Campsite at the Gateway to America. Scientific American 218(6):24–33.

   OpenUrlGeoRefWeb of Science
4. 1. Anderson Douglas D.

   1970 Microblade Traditions in Northwestern Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 7(2):2–16.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
5. 1. Anderson Douglas D.

   1972 An Archaeological Survey of Noatak Drainage, Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 9(1):66–117.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
6. 1. Anderson Douglas D.

   1988 Onion Portage: The Archaeology of a Stratified Site from the Kobuk River, Northwest Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 22(1–2).
7. 1. Anderson Douglas D.

   1984 Prehistory of North Alaska. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 5, Arctic. Damas David, ed. Pp. 81–93.Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

   OpenUrl
8. 1. Balicki Asen

   1970 The Netsilik Eskimo. Garden City: Natural History Press.
9. 1. Ballenger Jesse A. M.

   1998 The McKellips Site: Contributions to Dalton Occupation, Technology, and Mobility from Eastern Oklahoma. Southeastern Archaeology 17(2):158–165.

   OpenUrl
10. 1. Baugh Richard A.

    2003 Dynamics of Spear Throwing. American Journal of Physics 71(4):345–350.

    OpenUrl
11. 1. Bergman Christopher A.

    1993 The Development of the Bow in Western Europe: A Technological and Functional Perspective. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Peterkin Gail Larsen, Bricker Harvey M., Mellars Paul, eds. Pp. 95–106. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 4.
12. 1. Bleed Peter

    1986 The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons: Maintainability and Reliability. American Antiquity 51(4):737–747.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
13. 1. Boas Franz

    1888. The Central Eskimo. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D.C.
14. 1. Bradbury Andrew P.

    1997 The Bow and Arrow in the Eastern Woodlands: Evidence for an Archaic Origin. North American Archaeologist 18(3):207–234.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
15. 1. Campbell John M.

    1961 The Tuktu Complex of Arctic Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 9(2):61–80.

    OpenUrl
16. 1. Campbell John M.

    1962 Cultural Succession at Anaktuvuk Pass, Arctic Alaska. In Prehistoric Cultural Relations between the Arctic and Temperate Zones of North America. Campbell John M., ed. Pp. 39–54. Arctic Institute of North America Technical Paper, 11. Calgary.
17. 1. Christenson Andrew L.

    1986 Projectile Point Size and Projectile Aerodynamics: An Exploratory Study. Plains Anthropologist 31(112):109–128.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
18. 1. Churchill Steven E.

    1993 Weapon Technology, Prey Size Selection, and Hunting Methods in Modern Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Hunting in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Peterkin Gail Larsen, Bricker Harvey M., Mellars Paul, eds. Pp. 11–24. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 4.
19. 1. Clark Donald W.

    1981 Prehistory of the Western Subarctic. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 6, Subarctic. Helm June, ed. Pp. 107–129. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    OpenUrl
20. 1. Clark Donald W.

    1992 The Archaic in the Extreme Northwest of North America. Revista de Arqueologia Americana (5):75–99.
21. 1. Clark Donald W.

    1997 Review of American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Paleoecology of Beringia edited by West F. H.. Arctic 50(2):181–183.

    OpenUrl
22. 1. Clark Donald W.

    2001 Microblade-Culture Systematics in the Far Interior Northwest. Arctic Anthropology 38(2): 64–80.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
23. 1. Clark Donald W.,
    2. Clark A. McFadyen

    1993 Batza Tena: Trail to Obsidian. Mercury Series. Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper, 147. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
24. 1. Collard Mark,
    2. Kemery Michael,
    3. Banks Samantha

    2005 Causes of Toolkit Variation among Hunter-Gatherers: A Test of Four Competing Hypotheses. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 29:1–19.

    OpenUrl
25. 1. Croes Dale R.

    1996 The Hoko River Archaeological Site Complex: The Wet/Dry Site (45CA213), 3000–1700 B.P. Pullman: Washington State University Press.
26. 1. Cundy B. J.

    1989 Formal Variation in Australian Spear and Spearthrower Technology. BAR International Series, 546. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
27. 1. Davis Craig W.,
    2. Linck Dana C.,
    3. Shoenberg Kenneth M.,
    4. Shields Harvey M.

    1981 Slogging, Humping, and Mucking through the NPR-A: An Archaeological Interlude. University of Alaska, Anthropology and Historic Preservation Cooperative Park Studies Unit Occasional Paper, 25. Fairbanks.
28. 1. Dumond Don E.

    1980 The Archaeology of Alaska and the Peopling of America. Science 209:984–991.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
29. 1. Ellis Christopher J.

    1997 Factors Influencing the Use of Stone Projectile Tips: An Ethnographic Perspective. In Projectile Technology. Knecht Heidi, ed. Pp. 37–78. New York: Plenum Press.
30. 1. Elston Robert G.,
    2. Brantingham P. Jeffrey

    2002 Microlithic Technology in Northeast Asia: A Risk Minimizing Strategy of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. In Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization. Elston Robert G., Kuhn Steven, eds. Pp. 103–116. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 12. Washington, D.C.
31. 1. Elston Robert G.,
    2. Zeanah David W.

    2002 Thinking outside the Box: A New Perspective on Diet Breadth and Sexual Division of Labor in the Prearchaic Great Basin. World Archaeology 34(1):103–130.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 1. Erwin John C.,
    2. Holly Donald Jr..,
    3. Hull Stephen H.,
    4. Rast Timothy L.

    2005 Form and Function of Projectile Points and the Trajectory of Newfoundland Prehistory. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 29(1):45–67.

    OpenUrl
33. 1. Esdale Julie

    n.d. A Current Synthesis of the Northern Archaic. Arctic Anthropology 45(2). This volume.
34. 1. Esdale Julie,
    2. Gal Robert

    2005 Archaeological Investigations in Anaktuvuk Pass: Nunamiut Students Uncover their Past. Alaska Park Science 5(2):10–17.

    OpenUrl
35. 1. Finlayson B.,
    2. Mithen S.

    1996. The Microwear and Morphology of Microliths from Gleann Mor. In Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory. Odell George H., ed. Pp. 107–129. New York: Plenum Press.
36. 1. Flenniken J. Jeffrey

    1991 The Diamond Lil Site: Projectile Points Fragments as Indicators of Site Function. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 13(2):180–193.

    OpenUrl
37. 1. Flenniken J. Jeffrey

    1985. Stone Tool Reduction Techniques as Cultural Markers. In Stone Tool Analysis: Essays in Honor of Don E. Crabtree. Plew M. G., Woods J. C., Pavesic M. G., eds. Pp. 265–276. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
38. 1. Flenniken J. Jeffrey

    1980. Systems Analysis of the Lithic Artifacts. In Hoko River: A 2500 Year Old Fishing Camp on the Northwest Coast of North America. Croes Dale R., Blinman Eric, eds. Pp. 290–307. Report of Investigations, Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington State University, 58. Pullman.
39. 1. Flenniken J. Jeffrey,
    2. Wilke Philip J.

    1989 Typology, Technology, and Chronology of Great Basin Dart Points. American Anthropologist 91:149–158.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
40. 1. Friis-Hansen J.

    1990 Mesolithic Cutting Arrows: Functional Analysis of Arrows Used in the Hunting of Large Game. Antiquity 64:494–504.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
41. 1. Frison George C.

    1991 Hunting Strategies, Prey Behavior, and Mortality Data. In Human Predators and Prey Mortality. Stiner M. C., ed. Pp. 15–30. Boulder: Westview Press.
42. 1. Giddings J. Louis

    1960 The Archaeology of Bering Strait. Current Anthropology 1(2):121–138.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
43. 1. Giddings J. Louis

    1962. Side Notched Points Near Bering Strait. In Prehistoric Cultural Relations between the Arctic and Temperate Zones of North America. Campbell John M., ed. Pp. 35–38. Arctic Institute of North America Technical Paper, 11. Calgary.
44. 1. Giddings J. Louis,
    2. Anderson Douglas D.

    1986 Beach Ridge Archaeology of Cape Krusenstern. National Park Service, Publications in Archaeology, 20. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
45. 1. Giria Evgenij Yu,
    2. Pitul’ko Vladimir V.

    1994 A High Arctic Mesolithic Industry on Zhokov Island: Inset Tools and Knapping Technology. Arctic Anthropology 31(2):31–44.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
46. 1. Goodyear Albert C.

    1974 The Brand Site: A Techno-Functional Study of a Dalton Site in Northeast Arkansas. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, 7. Fayetteville.
47. 1. Gould Richard A.

    1970 Spears and Spear-Throwers of the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia. American Museum Novitates 2403:1–42.

    OpenUrl
48. 1. Hall Edwin S. Jr..

    1975 An Archaeological Survey in Interior Northwest Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 17(2):13–29.

    OpenUrl
49. 1. Hall Edwin S. Jr..

    1982 The Potential Significance of Small, Single Component Archaeological Sites for Elucidating the Culture History of Northern Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 20(1–2):7–13.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
50. 1. Hames Raymond

    1979 A Comparison of the Efficiencies of the Shotgun and the Bow in Neotropical Forest Hunting. Human Ecology 7:219–252.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
51. 1. Hare P. Greg,
    2. Greer Sheila,
    3. Gotthardt Ruth,
    4. Farnell Richard,
    5. Bowyer Vandy,
    6. Schweger Charles,
    7. Strand Diane

    2004 Ethnographic and Archaeological Investigations of Alpine Ice Patches in Southwest Yukon, Canada. Arctic 57(3):260–272.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
52. 1. Heine Michael,
    2. Andre Alestine,
    3. Kritsch Ingrid,
    4. Cardinal Alma

    2001 Gwichya Gwich’in Googwandak: The History and Stories of the Gwichya Gwich’in As Told by the Elders of Tsiigehttchic. Tsiigehttchic and Yellowknife: Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute.
53. 1. Hitchcock Robert,
    2. Bleed Peter

    1997 Each According to Need and Fashion: Spear and Arrow Use among San Hunters of the Kalahari. In Projectile Technology. Knecht Heidi, ed. Pp. 345–368. New York: Plenum Press.
54. 1. Hughes Susan S.

    1998 Getting to the Point: Evolutionary Change in Prehistoric Weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5(4):345–408.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
55. 1. Kunz Michael L.

    1991 Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory: Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska. National Park Service Research/Resources Management Report AR-18, United States Department of the Interior, Anchorage, Alaska.
56. 1. Larsen Helge

    1968 Trail Creek: Final Report on the Excavation of Two Caves on Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Acta Arctica 15:7–79.

    OpenUrl
57. 1. Laughlin William S.

    1968 Hunting: An Integrating Biobehavior System and Its Evolutionary Importance. In Man the Hunter. Lee Richard B., DeVore Irven, eds. Pp. 304–320. Chicago: Aldine.
58. 1. Lobdell John E.

    1986 The Kuparuk Pingo Site: A Northern Archaic Hunting Camp of the Arctic Coastal Plain, North Alaska. Arctic 39:47–51.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
59. 1. Lobdell John E.

    1995 North Alaskan Pingos: Ephemeral Refugia in Prehistory. Arctic Anthropology 32(1):62–81.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
60. 1. Nassaney Michael S.,
    2. Kendra Pyle

    1999 The Adoption of the Bow and Arrow in Eastern North America: A View from Central Arkansas. American Antiquity 64(2):243–263.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
61. 1. Nelson Edward E.

    1983 [1899] The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth Annual Report, Vol. 1, Bureau of American Ethnology, for 1896–1897, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
62. 1. Osgood Cornelius

    1940 Ingalik Material Culture. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 22. New Haven: Yale University Press.
63. 1. Oswalt Wendell H.

    1976 An Anthropological Analysis of Food-Getting Technology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
64. 1. Oswalt Wendell H.

    1973 Habitat and Technology: The Evolution of Hunting. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
65. 1. Owen Linda R.

    1984 The Microblades of Umingmak. Urgeschichtliche Materialhefte No. 5, 1, Verlag Archaeologica Venatoria. Tübingen.
66. 1. Raymond Anan

    1986 Experiments in the Function and Performance of the Weighted Atlatl. World Archaeology 18:153–177.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
67. 1. Sattler Robert A.

    1997 Large mammals in Lower Rampart Cave 1, Alaska: Interspecific Utilization of an Eastern Beringian Cave. Geoarchaeology 12(6):657–688.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
68. 1. Sattler Robert A.,
    2. Vinson Dale M.,
    3. Gillispie Thomas E.

    2001 Calibrated Radiocarbon Ages and Taphonomic Factors in Beringian Cave Faunas at the End of the Pleistocene.In People and Wildlife in Northern North America: Essays in Honor of R. Dale Guthrie. Gerlach S. Craig, Murray Maribeth S., eds. Pp. 112–123. BAR International Series, 944. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
69. 1. Shott Michael J.

    1993 Spears, Darts, and Arrows: Late Woodland Hunting Techniques in the Upper Ohio Valley. American Antiquity 58(3):425–443.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
70. 1. Shott Michael J.

    1996 Innovation and Selection in Prehistory. In Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory, edited by Odell George H., ed. Pp. 279–309. New York: Plenum Press.
71. 1. Shott Michael J.

    1997 Stones and Shafts Redux; The Metric Descrimination of Chipped-Stone Dart and Arrow Points. American Antiquity 62(1):86–101.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
72. 1. Sullivan Allan P. III.

    1992 Investigating the Archaeological Consequences of Short-Duration Occupations. American Antiquity 57:99–115.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
73. 1. Thomas David H.

    1978 Arrowheads and Atlatl Darts: How the Stones Got the Shaft. American Antiquity 43:461–472.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
74. 1. Torrence Robin

    2001 Hunter-Gatherer Technology: Macro- and Microscale Approaches. In Hunter-Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Panter-Brick Catherine, Layton Robert H., Rowley-Conwy Peter, eds. Pp. 73–98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75. 1. Torrence Robin

    1989 Tools as Optimal Solutions. In Time, Energy, and Stone Tools. Torrence Robin, ed. Pp. 1–6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
76. 1. Truncer James J.

    1990 Perkiomen Points: A Study in Variability. In Experiments and Observations on the Terminal Archaic of the Middle Atlantic Region. Moeller R., ed. Pp. 1–62. Bethlehem: Archaeological Services.
77. 1. Wandsnider Luann

    1998 Landscape Element Configuration, Lifespace, and Occupation History. In Surface Archaeology. Sullivan A. P. Jr.., ed. Pp. 21–39. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
78. 1. West Frederick H.

    1967 The Donnelly Ridge Site and the Definition of an Early Core and Blade Complex in Central Alaska. American Antiquity 32(3):360–382.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
79. 1. Wiessner Polly

    2003 Hunting, Healing, and Hxaro Exchange: A Long-Term Perspective on !Kung (Ju/’hoansi) Large-Game Hunting. Evolution and Human Behavior 23:407–436.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
80. 1. Wilson Aaron,
    2. Slobodina Natalia S.

    2007 Two Northern Archaic Tent Ring Settlements at Agiak Lake, Central Brooks Range, Alaska. Alaska Journal of Anthropology 5(1): 43–59.

    OpenUrl
81. 1. Workman William B.

    1978 Prehistory of Aishihik-Kluane Area. Mercury Series. Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper, 74. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
82. 1. Yost James A.,
    2. Kelley Patricia M.

    1983 Shotguns, Blowguns, and Spears: The Analysis of Technological Efficiency. In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians. Hames Raymond B., Vickers William T., eds. Pp. 189–224. New York: Academic Press.